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Iran acknowledges accusation it enriched uranium to 84% - The Associated Press - en Espaol
The right to keep and bear arms is a lot like the right to freedom of speech. In each case, the Constitution expressly protects a liberty that needs to be insulated from the ordinary political process. Neither right, however, is absolute. The First Amendment, for example, has never protected perjury, fraud, or countless other crimes that are committed through the use of speech. Similarly, no reasonable person could believe that violent criminals should have unrestricted access to guns, or that any individual should possess a nuclear weapon.
Inevitably, courts must draw lines, allowing government to carry out its duty to preserve an orderly society, without unduly infringing the legitimate interests of individuals in expressing their thoughts and protecting themselves from criminal violence. This is not a precise science or one that will ever be free from controversy.
One judicial approach, however, should be unequivocally rejected. During the nineteenth century, courts routinely refused to invalidate restrictions on free speech that struck the judges as reasonable. This meant that speech got virtually no judicial protection. Government suppression of speech can usually be thought to serve some reasonable purpose, such as reducing social discord or promoting healthy morals. Similarly, most gun control laws can be viewed as efforts to save lives and prevent crime, which are perfectly reasonable goals. If thats enough to justify infringements on individual liberty, neither constitutional guarantee means much of anything.
During the twentieth century, the Supreme Court finally started taking the First Amendment seriously. Today, individual freedom is generally protected unless the government can make a strong case that it has a real need to suppress speech or expressive conduct, and that its regulations are tailored to that need. The legal doctrines have become quite complex, and there is room for disagreement about many of the Courts specific decisions. Taken as a whole, however, this body of case law shows what the Court can do when it appreciates the value of an individual right enshrined in the Constitution.
The Second Amendment also raises issues about which reasonable people can disagree. But if the Supreme Court takes this provision of the Constitution as seriously as it now takes the First Amendment, which it should do, there will be some easy issues as well.
District of Columbia v. Heller (2008) is one example. The right of the people protected by the Second Amendment is an individual right, just like the right[s] of the people protected by the First and Fourth Amendments. The Constitution does not say that the Second Amendment protects a right of the states or a right of the militia, and nobody offered such an interpretation during the Founding era. Abundant historical evidence indicates that the Second Amendment was meant to leave citizens with the ability to defend themselves against unlawful violence. Such threats might come from usurpers of governmental power, but they might also come from criminals whom the government is unwilling or unable to control.
McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010) was also an easy case under the Courts precedents. Most other provisions of the Bill of Rights had already been applied to the states because they are deeply rooted in this Nations history and tradition. The right to keep and bear arms clearly meets this test.
The text of the Constitution expressly guarantees the right to bear arms, not just the right to keep them. The courts should invalidate regulations that prevent law-abiding citizens from carrying weapons in public, where the vast majority of violent crimes occur. First Amendment rights are not confined to the home, and neither are those protected by the Second Amendment.
Nor should the government be allowed to create burdensome bureaucratic obstacles designed to frustrate the exercise of Second Amendment rights. The courts are vigilant in preventing government from evading the First Amendment through regulations that indirectly abridge free speech rights by making them difficult to exercise. Courts should exercise the same vigilance in protecting Second Amendment rights.
Some other regulations that may appear innocuous should be struck down because they are little more than political stunts. Popular bans on so-called assault rifles, for example, define this class of guns in terms of cosmetic features, leaving functionally identical semi-automatic rifles to circulate freely. This is unconstitutional for the same reason that it would violate the First Amendment to ban words that have a French etymology, or to require that French fries be called freedom fries.
In most American states, including many with large urban population centers, responsible adults have easy access to ordinary firearms, and they are permitted to carry them in public. Experience has shown that these policies do not lead to increased levels of violence. Criminals pay no more attention to gun control regulations than they do to laws against murder, rape, and robbery. Armed citizens, however, prevent countless crimes and have saved many lives. Whats more, the most vulnerable peopleincluding women, the elderly, and those who live in high crime neighborhoodsare among the greatest beneficiaries of the Second Amendment. If the courts require the remaining jurisdictions to stop infringing on the constitutional right to keep and bear arms, their citizens will be more free and probably safer as well.
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Interpretation: The Second Amendment | Constitution Center
A Google artificial intelligence algorithm on Tuesday inched closer to once again claiming the title of world champion of the ancient Chinese game of Go, besting its human opponent in the first match of a best-of-three championship.
The algorithm, called AlphaGo, is the brainchild of DeepMind, the artificial intelligence research arm of Google parent company Alphabet. It faced off against 19-year old Kie Jie, who is the current human world champion of Go, a strategy game similar to chess that requires players to place black or white stones on a board and capture the opponent's pieces or surround empty spaces to build territories.
"Last year, it was still quite humanlike when it played," Mr. Ke told(Opens in a new window) the New York Times after AlphaGo's win on Tuesday. "But this year, it became like a god of Go."
If the algorithm wins a second game, it will be the second time it has stolen the Go crown from a human opponent. Last year, AlphaGo defeated the previous world champ Lee Sedol in Seoul, Korea. That tournament was a five-game series that saw AlphaGo win the first three matches, although the tournament continued just for fun, with Sedol making a comeback in game four only to be defeated again in the final match.
Go is a strategy game, and its playershuman or otherwisemust frequently adapt and adjust to their opponents' moves. That makes it an ideal challenge for artificial intelligence, which can use machine learning techniques to avoid repeating its own past mistakes, as well as those of its human competitors, as DeepMind CEO Demis Hassabis noted during Tuesday's match.
"Ke Jie is using the ideas AlphaGo used in the master series of online games in January against AlphaGo," Hassabis tweeted(Opens in a new window). "Intriguing to see what it will do."
In the end, the algorithm ended up beating Jie by just half a point, which suggests that the outcome of the final two matches is anyone's guess.
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Google's AlphaGo AI Beats Human Go Champion | PCMag
The term social marketing refers to the adoption of commercial, promotional technologies into programs that are intended to influence the response of target audiences to improve both the individuals well-being and the well-being of the community in which they belong.
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It includes concept development, pricing, information exchange, delivery, and market analysis. Social marketing is developing, putting into action, and managing programs intended to influence the degree to increase acceptance of social ideas. It is a type of marketing that is expanding quickly and has a significant potential to lead to decreased consumption.
Social marketing, sometimes known as marketing for good, is a strategy that promotes positive societal transformation by focusing on influencing individuals actions or ways of life rather than just selling an item or service. Its emphasis on community engagement is distinct from commercial marketing, marketing via green or sustainable practices, and marketing via social media.
The goal of such marketing is to modify peoples behaviors for the greater good of society to the individuals profit and benefit of society as a whole by using the concepts of commercial marketing and the social sciences.
It is used by a wide variety of nonprofit organizations and charities, as well as by government organizations, emergency services, and agencies. Likewise, some examples are highway safety alliances, policemen, firefighters, and paramedic groups. Social marketers also handle campaigns for charitable causes of a commercial brands product or business.
In addition, nonprofit organizations use such marketing to boost their fundraising efforts. It helps in furthering their organizations mission or effecting societal shifts. Following are the strategies that can be used for doing social marketing.
Generally,with low finances, implementing a full social marketing program and not just a communication effort requires outside resources and experience. Hence, Cooperation and reciprocity are powerful. See if there is a similar group that regularly addresses the target audience. If so, building a strategic relationship for assisting their existing projects helps. Beyond regular partners, other groups may appeal to a similar target market.
Online marketing helps firms stretch costs. Hence, digital media and new websites have created numerous new possibilities. However, online is a cheap, ever-changing landscape. So, ensuring web marketing reaches the target demographic is vital. Also, it should not be used as a solo method.
Posting a story for free on any PR Web and sending bulk emails works well. Developing a list of prospects to send press releases and creating narrative articles about persons touched by the campaign and the advantages of behavior change helps spread the word.
Dont overlook word-of-mouth in healthy communication and marketing. Many individuals find the company through word-of-mouth. Keeping the target audience talking is vital for habit change since we all listen to our relatives, friends, and coworkers. The more avenues one can contact the target audience using social outreach, the more impact a firm has.
Widgets are code snippets that users may copy and paste into webpages or blogs. Creating widgets that partners may publish to backlink the firm helps. Action messages, not simply data, should be included.
Following are the types of social marketing.
It refers to companies that do not seek financial gain but use it as a marketing strategy to promote a cause. However, a typical example of nonprofit marketing is a campaign to generate donations and recruit volunteers using direct mail and mass media. Since this is the case, serving the greater good is the overarching aim, but the organizations primary objective is to earn money to be competitive with other charitable organizations.
This partnership between a for-profit and nonprofit company supports a charitable cause or other similar endeavors. In addition, the sales of the items produced by the commercial organization contribute to the pro-social motive. However, an equivalent would be something like sponsorship, when a charitable organization allows a for-profit firm to publicize its relationship with the charitable organization to improve peoples impressions of the for-profit corporation and the products it sells.
On the other hand, cause-related marketing generates revenue for the charitable organization as a direct consequence of the products or services sold. Therefore, advancing a social cause is not the primary purpose of a firm; rather, it is the secondary goal of a company to increase sales or any other marketing objective.
A comparison may be made between sponsorship and pro-social outreach. Nevertheless, the for-profit company aims to improve the publics opinion of its goods and services by establishing a cooperative partnership with an organization or cause that works to improve society. so social marketing allows firms to convey how they have a wake conscience for helping society back.
It is possible to confuse societal with social outreach or marketing, but the two are not the same. Kotler and his colleagues refer to businesses like this as socially responsible profit-making companies. However, societal marketing is considered a natural extension of the fundamental idea behind marketing. For making a profit from the determination and satisfaction of customer requirements in a manner that protects or enhances the consumer and society.
It is widely used in sectors of health and safety, environmentalism, and social action.
Let us look at the social marketing examples to understand the concept better.
Many organizations and health institutes utilize such marketing to reduce smoking and encourage quitting. These activities assist new smokers and help individuals with the habit quit. Some compelling TV ads portray real-life smokers with lung cancer or tracheostomies.
Many NGOs indulge in wildfire prevention social campaigns. Other tactics include billboards and signs near campers and fire extinguishing recommendations.
Conventional recycling marketing, such as curbside collection or electronics drop-off facilities, focuses on teaching. Showcasing reusable things, such as cloth or heavy-duty plastic bags for shopping, and how to reuse furniture are additional ways social outreach efforts on recycling operate, along with state-level bottle redemption programs.
The effort of such marketing by the American Disability Association promotes disability inclusion. It helped modify laws and rules to make transportation, housing, and playgrounds handicap accessible. To build an emotional connection with consumers, firms employ handicap awareness month, metro and elevator posters, and billboards.
Let us look at the advantages and disadvantages of the social marketing concept:
In public health, social marketing definition implies behavioral, persuasive, and exposure theories to target health risk behaviors. The social cognitive theory uses response repercussions, learning theory, and behavior modeling. The application of these marketing ideas and techniques to solve problems affecting a populations health is whats meant by social marketing in public health.
Instead of traditional advertising, such campaigns aim to effect positive social change. It employs marketing strategies to serve social change by educating people about an issue or cause and encouraging them to take action.
Social marketers focus on issues relating to society, the environment, and the economy. They contribute to malnutrition, poverty, lack of resources, inadequate schooling, poor health, and climate change. Communities use social marketing to influence peoples attitudes and actions, raise awareness, and spread positive messages.
This article has been a guide to What is Social Marketing and its definition. We explain its types, examples, and advantages & disadvantages. You may also find some useful articles here:
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Social Marketing - What Is It, Concept, Types, Examples
Government agencies often address social issues using slogans. These slogans aim to change the behavior of certain individual groups of society positively. This is known as social marketing. But why is it important, and is it effective?
You'll find the answers to these questions and more by getting to the bottom of this explanation!
The subfield of marketing, defined as social marketing, operates to raise awareness of social issues or issues of widespread interest. Social marketing primarily appeals to customers' sense of social responsibility.
Unfortunately, many people follow harmful behaviors and habits. Reformers, nonprofit leaders, educators, and company directors might want to help people develop and maintain positive behaviors.
Social marketing is designing, executing, and monitoring programs to impact the acceptance of social causes. It includes planning, pricing, communication, distribution, and market research.
Social marketing is a combination of marketing and social sciences to influence behavior. Ideally, social marketing will influence customer behavior to benefit individuals and society.
Companies that use this strategy don't strive to change how people think to further their interests; instead, they focus on fostering societal transformation. Using social marketing strategies enables businesses to positively contribute to the society in which they operate.
In contrast to commercial marketing, social marketing is centered on finding solutions to issues that occur in the real world. It intends to do so via inducing awareness, altering behavior, and contributing to improving the environment in which people live.
Social marketing examples include public health and safety, education, environmentalism, city beautification, and urban renewal initiatives. Government agencies widely use social marketing to try and address different types of social issues.
For example, many social marketing initiatives have dissuaded young people from experimenting with drugs. Other popular initiatives convinced the public of the dangers of drunk driving and not wearing seatbelts. Around the United States, many people can recall famous slogans and taglines from these social marketing initiatives, going back to the oldest example - Smokey Bear.
Fig. 2 - Smokey Bear Only You
Smokey Bear of the U.S. Forest Service famously told Americans, "Only you can prevent forest fires!". At the time of the campaign's inception in the mid-1940s, forest fires were commonly caused by careless people tossing cigarettes and other smoldering trash into wooded areas. The simple, famous slogan helped remind millions that their smoldering debris and campfires could cause raging wildfires.
Although natural forest fires can be necessary for ecosystems, it has been invaluable for people to be mindful of their use of flames near wooded areas.
"Say no to drugs" is another prominent social marketing campaign, accompanied by other famous slogans.
"Friends don't let friends drive drunk" became popular in the early 1980s and helped reduce the incidence of drinking and driving.
This later evolved into a social marketing campaign to normalize the use of a designated driver, or a DD, in groups of partygoers. Driver safety was also enhanced by states and municipalities using the catchy "click it or ticket" social marketing campaign.
Cities also helped reduce waste by promoting conservation and recycling through "reduce, reuse, recycle".
These campaigns all promoted healthy behaviors using catchy slogans and the inclusion of all sectors of the public.
The concept behind social marketing is changing behaviors through consistent positive reinforcement.
Recipients of social marketing campaigns are encouraged to do something good rather than be criticized for doing something terrible. Another part of the concept is simplicity: the encouraged behavior must be simple to explain and perform.
When it comes to slogans, complexity quickly leads to people tuning out the message. Simple phrases like "only you can prevent forest fires" are easily understood, help the reader or viewer feel empowered, and can be easily accomplished. People can safely dispose of their campfire ashes, cigarette butts, or flammable trash to feel good about themselves.
"Friends don't let friends drive drunk" takes a similar approach. The message is clear and straightforward, and recipients of the campaign feel empowered when they do not let a friend drive away from a party or bar while intoxicated. The slogan confirms that you are a true friend and are protecting a fellow friend.
Over time, it helps replace the societal concept of someone trying to take a friend's car keys as an interfering busybody with that of a friend who cares about one's safety.
"Say no to drugs" is a third example of the concept. It is straightforward and non-judgmental, as it does not criticize people for drugs they might have used in the past. Repetition will help reinforce the message. People can choose positive behavior at any time by saying no to drugs.
The social marketing approach defines how effective a social marketing campaign is.
Social marketing focuses on concrete, simple individual behaviors and changing social norms.
Social marketers want to identify simple behavioral changes that can have meaningful impacts on health, safety, performance, and society overall. Trying to change multiple behaviors at once is unlikely to be successful, so it is essential to be strategic in determining which individual behavior changes will have a positive impact.
On the surface, social marketers use simple messaging to appeal to the mass public. This can include television commercials, radio ads, Internet ads, and posters.
Through media, social marketers focus on emotional impact and emphasize the simplicity of the desired behavior.
Regarding "friends don't let friends drive drunk," social marketers can be impactful by showing the trauma caused by a friend driving drunk. Social marketers can also depict how taking the friend's car keys and calling them a ride could have saved lives and prevented the trauma. By showing that simple action could have prevented the disaster, many recipients of social marketing may eventually be convinced to change their behaviors.
Social marketers can make an emotional impact by presenting brief accounts from trauma survivors, such as family members of drug users, drunk drivers, or those injured by wildfires. Marketers can add simple statistics of the prevalence of the problem to emotional statements to increase impact. Viewers are more likely to act if they understand that the problem is widespread and not isolated.
Social marketers should also have additional information ready to present to overcome skeptics. In their simple messaging, they can state that "more information can be found at" and list their web address or publication. Some viewers may check out the information and be convinced to adjust their behaviors.
Viewers may also inspire them to warn friends, families, and colleagues about the problem. Ultimately, this mass mobilization of public awareness helps change social norms permanently. An example would be the reduced social acceptance of alcohol and tobacco use.
Prior to social marketing campaigns about the harms of drunk driving and tobacco use, it was much more common for people to engage in those harmful behaviors.2
Social marketing is essential because it encourages positive behavioral changes more successfully than mandates.3 By engaging with the public in a gentle and non-confrontational manner, there is less risk of backlash and firm resistance.
Had public service announcements about the dangers of drug use, tobacco use, and alcohol abuse been overtly hostile to those who engaged in those behaviors, those individuals might have felt the need to continue those behaviors in rebellion. Viewers are more likely to listen neutrally or positively when not faced with criticism. Over time, this neutral engagement may become positive action.
Framing social marketing as an attempt to help individuals live better and healthier lives is also essential. People may not want to adjust their behavior to benefit strangers but likely care more about the effects on friends and loved ones. The gentle, positive messaging also gives viewers the ability to feel empowered that they chose the favorable option. Demands that people change their behavior may be less successful because people do not feel ownership over their changed behavior. People who think they have a choice are likelier to stick with their decision and maintain that behavior.
Social marketing can lead to lasting changes by causing social norms to evolve positively. As standards change, peer pressure leads many to adopt these positive behaviors to avoid social sanction or criticism. Eventually, the social marketing campaign becomes a permanent success once the new social norms are adopted. The public adopts the desired behavior widely, and further reinforcement is needed less frequently.
For example, people automatically seek designated drivers, Uber rides, or public transportation instead of choosing to drive while intoxicated.
Similarly, people automatically know to make sure their campfires are no longer smoking, not to toss their cigarette butts into the dry brush, and not to set casual fires without safety precautions. Thanks to social marketing, we have fewer negative behaviors in our society!
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Social Marketing: Definition, Concept & Types | StudySmarter