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Editors Note: Why do qubit count and quality matter? Whats the difference between physical qubits and logical qubits? Quantum computer vendors toss these terms and numbers around as indicators of the strengths of their systems. For seasoned quantum computing watchers, the rationale behind the claims are well-known and appreciated. However, there are many who are new to the quantum information science and for whom a qubit count/quality 101 backgrounder can be helpful. Heres a brief explanation from Yuval Boger of QuEra Computing. BTW, QuEra has a nice glossary of quantum terms on its website.

In recent months, several quantum companies have made roadmap announcements with plans to reach 10,000 physical qubits in the next five years or sooner. This is a dramatic increase from the current 20 to 300 qubits, especially given that several of these companies have yet to release their first product.

What makes 10,000 qubits such an important milestone, and what will quantum computers be capable of once that number is reached?

The effort to achieve 10,000 physical qubits in quantum computing is more than a mere pursuit of quantity; it embodies strategic milestones toward unlocking the full potential of quantum computation. Broadly speaking, 10,000 physical qubits allow for the practical realization of over 100 logical qubits, essential for performing longer, more complex computations with a lower chance of errors. Below, I explain the important distinction between physical and logical qubits, the significance of reaching and crossing the 100 logical qubit threshold, and the varied path different quantum computing implementations take to get there.

While increasing the number of qubits is good, increasing the qubit quality is even more important. One key attribute of good qubits is the error rates associated with single- and two-qubit operations and the lifetime of a qubit. The error rate indicates how often qubit operations are successful. These might be operations on single qubits, such as flipping a qubit, or operations on two qubits, such as entangling them. The state-of-the-art in two-qubit operations is approaching 99.9% success. While 99.9% might sound great, this success rate implies that about 1 in 1,000 operations fail. Thus, if an algorithm requires several thousands of two-qubit operations, it will likely produce incorrect results. Truly useful algorithms require millions of such operations.

While pursuing 10,000 physical qubits is critical, its imperative to acknowledge that effective quantum error correction is necessary since it is unlikely that physical qubit error rates will sufficiently improve to enable these longer, more complex algorithms. This is where logical qubits come in. Logical qubits are a collection of physical qubits that address this problem. By cleverly spreading the information from a single qubit across several qubits, detecting and correcting many errors becomes possible. The exact way to do so and the number of physical qubits that are required to create a good enough logical qubit is an active area of research, but depending on the desired error rate and the selected qubit technology, dozens, hundreds, or thousands of physical qubits will be required to create one good fault-tolerant logical qubit.

The transition from noisy, physical qubits to fault-tolerant, logical qubits is not merely technical; its transformative, marking the difference between quantum computing as an experimental curiosity and a practical technological powerhouse. The leap towards 10,000 physical qubits is intrinsically aimed at enabling the construction of a significant number of logical qubits, with 100 being a critical milestone for demonstrating practical quantum advantage in various computational tasks.

One reason reaching 100 logical qubits is significant is the simulation limit. When simulating quantum algorithms, classical computers face exponential growth in computational requirements. Todays most powerful supercomputers can simulate quantum algorithms with about 50 perfect qubits. This is called the simulation limit. Thus, the ability to run algorithms with 100 logical error-corrected qubits would enter an exciting era where quantum computers far exceed the computational capabilities of classical machines while also certifying that the calculation results are accurate. Achieving 100 logical qubits would signify the transition from theoretical or small-scale experimental quantum computing to practical, impactful applications, heralding a new era of computational capabilities.

Imagine a plane with a range of 20 miles. Useful? Not really. Now imagine a plane with a 1,000-mile range. That would be useful for short-haul flights but not for longer trips. A plane with a 10,000-mile range? This is useful for most applications. Similarly, a 100-logical-qubit quantum computer can provide real business value for some applications, such as optimization or machine learning. Larger problems, such as molecular simulations, still require many more logical qubits. Those may require 1,000 logical qubits, while 4,000 logical qubits are expected to be required to crack RSA-2048.

Multiple paths to 10,000 qubits

The journey to 10,000 qubits is navigated through diverse quantum computing technologies, each with unique challenges and advantages:

Each of these technologies is on a unique path to overcoming their respective challenges, with the collective goal of achieving the scale necessary for practical quantum computing.

In conclusion, the quantum computing industrys roadmap towards 10,000 physical qubits and thereby achieving over 100 logical qubits encapsulates both the challenges and the transformative potential of quantum computing. While the winning approach is yet to be determined, it appears that we are getting closer and closer to truly useful quantum computers.

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Crossing the Quantum Threshold: The Path to 10,000 Qubits - HPCwire

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In the ever-accelerating race of technological advancement, quantum computing is the new frontier, promising to revolutionize our approach to complex problem-solving that current supercomputers cannot efficiently address. At the forefront of this quantum revolution is Googles quantum computer, Sycamore, which achieved a milestone known as quantum supremacy in 2019 by performing a complex computation in 200 seconds that would take the worlds most influential classical computer approximately 10,000 years to complete.

The Quantum Difference

Traditional computers use bits as the basic unit of data, which are binary and can represent either a 0 or a 1. Quantum computers, like Sycamore, however, use qubits that can represent both 0 and 1 simultaneously thanks to the principle of superposition. This ability allows quantum computers to handle more information than classical computers and quickly solve complex problems.

Sycamore has 54 qubits, although one was inactive during its historic feat, leaving 53 to do the work. These qubits are made from superconducting circuits that can be controlled and read electronically. The arrangement of these qubits in a two-dimensional grid enhances their connectivity, which is crucial for executing complex quantum algorithms.

The video bloggers at LifesBiggestQuestions recently explored what the future has in store for Google Quantum Computer Sycamore.

Challenges of Quantum Computing

Despite their potential, quantum systems like Sycamore are not without their challenges. They are susceptible and prone to errors. The quantum gates, which are operations on qubits, have a critically low error rate, which is pivotal for maintaining the integrity of computations. These systems require an ultra-cold environment to operate effectively, achieved through sophisticated cooling systems, notably dilution refrigerators that use helium isotopes to reach temperatures close to absolute zero.

This cooling is about achieving low temperatures and isolating the qubits from external disturbances like cosmic rays or stray photons. This can cause quantum decoherence a loss of the orderly quantum state that qubits need to perform computations.

Energy Efficiency and Future Applications

One of the surprising elements of quantum computing, particularly highlighted by Sycamores operation, is its energy efficiency. Unlike classical supercomputers that can consume up to 10 megawatts of power, quantum computers use significantly less power for computational tasks. Most of the energy is utilized to maintain the operational environment of the quantum processor rather than the computations.

The potential applications for quantum computing are vast and include fields like material science and complex system simulations, which are currently not feasible with classical computers due to the computational load.

Looking Ahead

As we advance further into quantum computing, the technology promises to expand our computational capacity and enhance energy efficiency and sustainability. However, as with all emerging technologies, quantum computing presents new challenges and risks, particularly in cybersecurity and privacy. Quantum computers could, theoretically, crack encryption systems that currently protect our most sensitive data, prompting a need for quantum-resistant cryptographic methods.

Ethical and Safety Considerations

The advent of quantum computing also underscores the need for robust ethical guidelines and safety measures to mitigate risks associated with advanced computing capabilities. This includes potential misuse in creating sophisticated weaponry or personal and national security threats. Transparent international collaboration and regulation will be critical in shaping the safe development of quantum technologies.

In conclusion, while quantum computing, like Googles Sycamore, represents a monumental leap forward, it compels us to navigate the associated risks carefully. The journey into quantum computing is about harnessing new technology and ensuring it contributes positively to society, bolstering security rather than undermining it. As this technology continues to develop, it will require innovation and a balanced approach to harness its full potential while safeguarding against its inherent risks.

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Quantum Leap: Google's Sycamore and the New Frontier in Computing - WebProNews

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The University of Illinois, in affiliation with the Illinois Quantum Information Science and Technology Center (IQUIST), recently took center stage in fostering public understanding of quantum science in sync with World Quantum Day celebrations. Drawing the community into a series of educational events, the initiative aimed at unearthing the complexities of quantum mechanics, emphasizing its profound potential to reshape our technological future.

In an effort to crystallize quantum concepts and their prospective utilities, the events spanned discussions illustrating quantums transformative impact on industries such as healthcare and finance. The thrust of these educational endeavors was not merely on the marvels of quantum computing but also on addressing the technical and ethical conundrums posed by this nascent technology.

With the quantum industry anticipated to burgeon into a $65 billion market by 2030, the call for a quantum-savvy workforce is resounding. Consequently, the World Quantum Day events kindled a dialogue on nurturing talent apt for spearheading innovation while grappling with the subtleties of quantum technologies notably the challenge of maintaining quantum coherence.

Furthermore, the quantum computing revolution heralded the advent of post-quantum cryptography, challenging conventional encryption methodologies. To this end, the University of Illinois and IQUISTs dedication to quantum education signifies the urgency for an informed citizenry ready to traverse and foster the quantum leap.

As updates and expertise flood in from quantum leaders like IBM and Honeywell, these World Quantum Day festivities underline a strategic educational onslaught needed to prepare society to harness the capabilities and complexities of the quantum era.

In summary, the full suite of events and discussions catalyzed by World Quantum Day underpins the need for a strategic and comprehensive educational approach to quantum readiness, with the looming expansion of quantum science demanding a vigorous push for widespread quantum literacy and a robust quantum-ready workforce.

The University of Illinoiss involvement with World Quantum Day events is a pivotal step toward engaging the public in understanding and preparing for the quantum revolution. Quantum science represents a seismic shift in the way we comprehend and interact with the fundamental principles of physics, with profound implications across multiple sectors.

Industry Impact and Market Forecasts Quantum technology is expected to revolutionize industries by bolstering computing power and enabling sophisticated data analysis and solutions to complex problems. In the realm of healthcare, for example, quantum computing can lead to advancements in drug discovery and personalized medicine by rapidly analyzing and synthesizing vast datasets. The finance sector also stands to benefit significantly from quantum technology, with the potential for optimizing portfolios, managing risk, and fraud detection.

As the industry continues to grow, the global quantum computing market size is projected to reach substantial figures, with estimates such as the $65 billion forecast by 2030. This growth is fueled by increasing investments from both public and private sectors and the ongoing research and development efforts by leading technology companies.

Industry Challenges Despite its promise, the quantum industry faces significant challenges that need to be addressed. One of the principal technical challenges is maintaining quantum coherence, which is necessary for quantum systems to function effectively. Another issue is the need for advancements in qubit technology to ensure stable and scalable quantum computers.

Ethical and cybersecurity issues also arise with quantum computings ability to break conventional encryption. This potential vulnerability has spurred the development of post-quantum cryptography, to safeguard digital communications against future quantum attacks.

Educational efforts, such as those demonstrated by the University of Illinois and IQUIST, are central to addressing these challenges. By fostering a better understanding of quantum mechanics and its implications, individuals can prepare to contribute to and benefit from this emerging field. The quantum workforce will require not only physicists but also engineers, computer scientists, and professionals trained in quantum principles.

Quantum Computing Leaders Leaders in the quantum computing industry, such as IBM and Honeywell, are making strides in advancing quantum systems and driving forward research and innovation. For those interested in the latest developments from these and other leading companies, visiting their official websites can provide in-depth information:

IBM Honeywell

In closing, as quantum science advances, initiatives like the World Quantum Day events are crucial for disseminating knowledge, sparking interest, and building the groundwork for the necessary educational infrastructure. Society must have a comprehensive strategy for quantum readiness, addressing the current and future demands of a quantum-informed world. The University of Illinoiss commitment to raising public awareness and education aligns with the global push toward a robust, quantum-ready workforce equipped to navigate the opportunities and challenges of the quantum age.

Micha Rogucki is a pioneering figure in the field of renewable energy, particularly known for his work on solar power innovations. His research and development efforts have significantly advanced solar panel efficiency and sustainability. Roguckis commitment to green energy solutions is also evident in his advocacy for integrating renewable sources into national power grids. His groundbreaking work not only contributes to the scientific community but also plays a crucial role in promoting environmental sustainability and energy independence. Roguckis influence extends beyond academia, impacting industry practices and public policy regarding renewable energy.

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Advancing to an Era of Quantum Readiness - yTech

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Summary: Googles quantum computer, Sycamore, represents a significant breakthrough in computing, having demonstrated quantum supremacy by performing a calculation far beyond the capability of classical computers. This article explores the specifics of quantum computing technology, its current challenges, and potential future impacts, including energy sustainability and security implications.

Quantum computing is entering the spotlight as a powerful technology poised to outstrip traditional computing methods. Googles Sycamore quantum computer has catalyzed this movement by demonstrating quantum supremacy, completing a complex task in mere minutes versus the millennia it would take the best classical supercomputers.

Differing from traditional computers that process bits as zeros or ones, Sycamore operates using qubits. These qubits can exist in a state of superposition, where they can be in multiple states at once, dramatically increasing computational power and speed. Sycamore capitalized on this advantage with its 53 functioning qubits to make history.

While quantum computing is groundbreaking, it is not without its hurdles. Quantum machines are highly sensitive, requiring extremely cold environments for operation to prevent quantum decoherencean event that disrupts the state necessary for quantum calculations. Moreover, maintaining low error rates in quantum gate operations is crucial to preserve accurate results.

The promises of quantum computing extend to energy efficiency since these machines consume drastically less power than their classical counterparts. Only a small fraction of energy is needed for the calculations themselves, with the rest dedicated to maintaining the conditions necessary for the qubits to function.

The roadmap ahead for quantum computing is filled with both opportunities and challenges. Immediate benefits may be seen in fields like material science and complex simulations, but longer-term considerations must center around cybersecurity, ethical use, and international regulations that foster safe and beneficial advancement of quantum technology. Googles Sycamore is therefore not just a stride in computational capability but also a step into a future that demands careful management of powerful new technology.

Quantum Computings Industry and Market Forecast

Quantum computing is rapidly transforming from a theoretical concept to a market of vast potential. By leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics, this technology is poised to revolutionize industries that depend on computational power. Industries such as cryptography, pharmaceuticals, financial services, and materials science are eagerly awaiting the advancements that quantum computers promise, especially in the realms of drug discovery, financial modeling, and optimizing complex systems.

The market for quantum computing is on an upward trajectory, with significant investments from both public and private sectors. Market research forecasts project that the quantum computing market could be worth billions of dollars in the next decade as technology matures and becomes commercially viable. The applications for quantum computing are extensive, with potential to disrupt almost every industry by enabling them to solve complex problems much more efficiently than classical computers.

Key Challenges and Issues

Despite the optimism, quantum computing faces substantial challenges. As indicated by the article, quantum computers operate under delicate conditions that are challenging to maintain. The susceptibility to quantum decoherence and the need for error correction mechanisms make scalability and reliability immediate concerns for the industry.

On top of technical challenges, there are also significant issues regarding data security. Quantum computers hold the power to break many of the current encryption methods, which protects essential communications globally, including in the realms of government and finance. This has led to an increased focus on developing quantum-resistant encryption methods, a pursuit that is now just as crucial as the development of quantum computers themselves.

Additionally, the ethical implications of quantum computing and the consequences of such computational power require attention. The proliferation of quantum technology raises questions about the balance of power, potential weapons development, and the exclusivity of access to such resources.

As the industry evolves, so will the regulations and international policies aimed at governing the use of quantum technologies. Its imperative for the global community to establish a framework to ensure that advances benefit society as a whole and that security risks are mitigated.

For continuous updates and information regarding quantum computing, please visit the official website of Google or the IBM main domain, which are engaged in research and development in this cutting-edge field.

In conclusion, quantum computing promises a future of unparalleled computational potential. The industry is poised to navigate a complex landscape of opportunities and challenges, with market forecasts indicating significant growth and the potential for transformative impacts across a myriad of sectors. Googles Sycamore serves as both a beacon of possibility and a reminder of the responsibilities inherent in ushering in such a profound technological evolution.

Roman Perkowski is a distinguished name in the field of space exploration technology, specifically known for his work on propulsion systems for interplanetary travel. His innovative research and designs have been crucial in advancing the efficiency and reliability of spacecraft engines. Perkowskis contributions are particularly significant in the development of sustainable and powerful propulsion methods, which are vital for long-duration space missions. His work not only pushes the boundaries of current space travel capabilities but also inspires future generations of scientists and engineers in the quest to explore the far reaches of our solar system and beyond.

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Google's Sycamore and the Quantum Supremacy Milestone - yTech

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The new methods are to replace the conventional public-key cryptography system, which could be vulnerable in the face of quantum computers with powerful computing capabilities.

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China denies accusations of state-sponsored hacking from US, UK and New Zealand

China denies accusations of state-sponsored hacking from US, UK and New Zealand

The report quoted Dou Menghan, deputy director of the Anhui Quantum Computing Engineering Research Centre, as saying the anti-quantum attack shield was developed and used for the first time by Origin Quantum, the developer of the computer named after the Monkey King of Chinese mythology.

This shows that Chinas home-grown superconducting quantum computer can play both offence and defence in the field of quantum computing, he said.

This is also an important exploration of the application of new data security technologies in China.

The third-generation Wukong is powered by a 72-qubit home-grown superconducting quantum chip, also known as the Wukong chip.

In January, the superfast computer opened remote access to the world, attracting global users from countries such as the US, Bulgaria, Singapore, Japan, Russia and Canada to perform quantum computing tasks.

In traditional computing, a bit is the basic unit of information that represents either zero or one. A quantum bit, or qubit, takes it a step further by being able to represent zero, one, or both simultaneously.

Lawmaker urges China to safeguard tech production chain for a quantum edge

Because quantum computers can simultaneously represent multiple possibilities, they hold theoretical potential for significantly faster and more powerful computation compared to the everyday computers we use now.

But the subatomic particles central to this technology are fragile, short-lived and prone to errors if exposed to minor disturbances from the surroundings. Most quantum computers operate in highly isolated and extremely cold environments to avoid disruption.

The normal operating temperature of the Wukong chip is close to absolute zero, or minus 273.15 degrees Celsius. It is stored in a special fridge before being installed in a vacuum environment for operation.

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Encryption shield installed to protect Chinese quantum computer from attack - South China Morning Post

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