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As an ideology and in practice liberalism became the preeminent reform movement in Europe during the 19th century. Its fortunes, however, varied with the historical conditions in each countrythe strength of the crown, the lan of the aristocracy, the pace of industrialization, and the circumstances of national unification. The national character of a liberal movement could even be affected by religion. Liberalism in Roman Catholic countries such as France, Italy, and Spain, for example, tended to acquire anticlerical overtones, and liberals in those countries tended to favour legislation restricting the civil authority and political power of the Catholic clergy.

In Great Britain the Whigs had evolved by the mid-19th century into the Liberal Party, whose reformist programs became the model for liberal political parties throughout Europe. Liberals propelled the long campaign that abolished Britains slave trade in 1807 and slavery itself throughout the British dominions in 1833. The liberal project of broadening the franchise in Britain bore fruit in the Reform Bills of 1832, 1867, and 188485. The sweeping reforms achieved by Liberal Party governments led by William Gladstone for 14 years between 1868 and 1894 marked the apex of British liberalism.

Liberalism in continental Europe often lacked the fortuitous combination of broad popular support and a powerful liberal party that it had in Britain. In France the Revolutionary and Napoleonic governments pursued liberal goals in their abolition of feudal privileges and their modernization of the decrepit institutions inherited from the ancien rgime. After the Bourbon Restoration in 1815, however, French liberals were faced with the decades-long task of securing constitutional liberties and enlarging popular participation in government under a reestablished monarchy, goals not substantially achieved until the formation of the Third Republic in 1871.

Throughout Europe and in the Western Hemisphere, liberalism inspired nationalistic aspirations to the creation of unified, independent, constitutional states with their own parliaments and the rule of law. The most dramatic exponents of this liberal assault against authoritarian rule were the Founding Fathers of the United States, the statesman and revolutionary Simn Bolvar in South America, the leaders of the Risorgimento in Italy, and the nationalist reformer Lajos Kossuth in Hungary. But the failure of the Revolutions of 1848 highlighted the comparative weakness of liberalism on the Continent. Liberals inability to unify the German states in the mid-19th century was attributable in large part to the dominant role of a militarized Prussia and the reactionary influence of Austria. The liberal-inspired unification of Italy was delayed until the 1860s by the armies of Austria and of Napoleon III of France and by the opposition of the Vatican.

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property law: Marxism, liberalism, and the law

The United States presented a quite different situation, because there was neither a monarchy, an aristocracy, nor an established church against which liberalism could react. Indeed, liberalism was so well established in the United States constitutional structure, its political culture, and its jurisprudence that there was no distinct role for a liberal party to play, at least not until the 20th century.

In Europe, by contrast, liberalism was a transforming force throughout the 19th century. Industrialization and modernization, for which classical liberalism provided ideological justification, wrought great changes. The feudal system fell, a functionless aristocracy lost its privileges, and monarchs were challenged and curbed. Capitalism replaced the static economies of the Middle Ages, and the middle class was left free to employ its energies by expanding the means of production and vastly increasing the wealth of society. As liberals set about limiting the power of the monarchy, they converted the ideal of constitutional government, accountable to the people through the election of representatives, into a reality.

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Liberalism - Liberalism in the 19th century | Britannica

A series of three studies has found that political liberals tend to see emotions as more functional than more conservative people. This comes in spite of the fact that more liberal participants reported less emotional well-being. The research was published in Motivation and Emotion.

Over the past few decades, society in the United States has become more polarized. Liberals and conservatives have come to report more animosity towards the other group than warmth for their own group. Both studies and casual observations indicate that at least some of this polarization might come from the way they see and evaluate the importance of emotions.

The commonly endorsed stereotypes about the two political orientations also revolve around their attitude towards the importance of emotions. According to these stereotypes, liberals are seen as bleeding-hearts, emphasizing the importance of emotions, while conservatives are seen as cold, emphasizing a lower value assigned to emotions.

Conservative memes expressing scorn for liberal emotions such as Facts dont care about your feelings and America runs on liberal tears also emphasize this difference. The authors of the new research see this contrast between the two political orientations as differences in their beliefs about how functional emotions are.

We define functional as beneficial for individuals for adapting to the environment or attaining their goals, they explained. Traditionally, emotion was often portrayed as a dysfunctional reaction that derailed rational thinking and signaled weakness and vulnerability. Unemotional stoicism was idealized as a sign of rationality and maturity. Recent academic approaches, while acknowledging that emotions are not always helpful, portray emotion as an essential suite of processes that evolved to guide peoples thoughts and plans in a manner that helps them achieve their goals.

With this, the researchers set up a series of three studies to examine whether people across the partisan spectrum hold differing beliefs about the functionality of emotion.

In the first study, they analyzed data from an online survey of 189 undergraduate student from a university in California (89% female). Researchers analyzed assessments of beliefs about the functionality of emotions, openness to experience, well-being (assessed as life satisfaction, depression and anxiety), the intensity of emotional experience, emotion regulation, political partisanship, and religiosity (or the importance of religion in the respondents life).

Results showed that the more liberal the participants were, the more they viewed emotions as functional. More liberal participants also reported less well-being and reported that they experience emotions more intensely than more conservative participants.

The second study analyzed data from an online survey of 629 Californian and Texan undergraduates (351 from California, 77% female). The researchers analyzed data on the grade the student expected to receive an the upcoming exam, students appraisal of the importance of the exam, beliefs about the functionality of emotions, and well-being. These data were collected before the exam. After the exam, students completed another survey from which researchers analyzed data on the received grade at the exam and students emotional response to it along with political partisanship and religiosity.

Results replicated findings of the first study about the link between liberal orientation and viewing emotions as functional. Analyses revealed that people more open to experience and female participants saw emotions as more functional. Participants who received the expected grade and had viewed emotions as functional were happier about the outcome than those who viewed emotions as less functional. This association was not found in students whose grade was lower than expected.

The third study was an online survey of 537 Californian and Texan university students who completed questionnaires before and after the 2020 U.S. presidential election (439 from California, 77% female, 66% voted, 10% not eligible to vote). The questionnaire completed before the elections asked about political partisanship, beliefs about the functionality of emotions, well-being, and assessed the extent to which participants endorsed individualizing versus social binding values.

Afterward, students completed assessments of the importance of the outcome of the 2020 presidential elections, whether they saw it as positive or negative, and their emotional response to the election. They were also asked to report on how they voted. Results showed that liberals viewed emotions as more functional than conservatives and replicated the main findings of the previous two studies.

The researchers then used the data to estimate progressivism.

We defined progressivism as the extent to which each participant prioritized the individuating moral foundations of Care and Fairness more than the socially binding moral foundations of Loyalty, Authority, and Sanctity when judging actions to be right or wrong, they explained. Further analyses showed that the link between liberalism and viewing emotions as functional was largely explained by liberal participants greater endorsement of individualizing than social binding values.

Our findings suggest though that liberals view emotion as a feature of rationality while conservatives view it as a bug. Across three studies, liberals viewed emotion as more functional than conservatives that is, as a healthy source of information about the self that provides direction in life rather than as a weakness and a waste of time, the study authors concluded.

The study makes a valuable contribution to understanding the nature of differences between people of opposing political orientations. However, it has limitations that need to be taken into account. Namely, all the participants were undergraduate students, they were overwhelmingly female and of liberal political orientation. Studies on the general population and more conservative groups might not yield equal results.

The study, Do liberals value emotion more than conservatives? Political partisanship and Lay beliefs about the functionality of emotion, was authored by Minyoung Choi, Melissa M. Karnaze, Heather C. Lench, and Linda J. Levine.

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Liberals view emotions as a feature of rationality, while conservatives ...

Earning a degree is a good thing for some professions. After all, you wouldnt want a doctor who learned his trade via YouTube videos taking out your appendix, would you? Of course not.

But for other professions, you can learn just as much, if not more, than a college curriculums worth online for a fraction of the cost. Search engine optimization is one of those things.

Thats not to say theres no value in an SEO specialist earning a degree any education is a good thing, particularly if its in a related field like computer science, marketing, or communications.

But as you probably know, the SEO field is in a constant state of flux. And its more than competitors tweaking their strategies to jump ahead of you; its also regular and sometimes major changes to Googles search algorithm.

If youre just getting started in SEO, youre a mid-level professional looking to add tools to your toolbox, or even a seasoned veteran seeking the latest tricks, weve got just the thing.

Below, weve compiled a list of the best online SEO courses available, so you can find exactly what youre looking for.

A marketing and sales software developer, HubSpot always thinks of marketers needs. And that includes its SEO Certification Course. It covers the basics of SEO, including evaluating your current site, building backlinks, and performing keyword research.

Length: Under three hours for six total lessons

Another SEO software tools provider, Ahrefs, offers a free course for SEO beginners. This program starts from scratch, explaining why SEO is important and guiding participants through the basics of keyword research, page optimization, and beginning technical SEO.

Length: 14 lessons over two hours

The makers of the popular SEO plugin for WordPress want to help you learn more about SEO with a free online course. Yoasts program is designed to quickly equip you with the knowledge you need to impact your sites ranking as quickly as possible positively.

Length: Two hours

When it comes to ecommerce, Shopify is the big dog on the block. To help online retailers maximize their impact and revenue, Shopify offers free SEO training for beginners. With its focus on digital shopping, this course is ideal for entrepreneurs.

Length: 16 lessons in just over one hour

The makers of keyword research and analytics tool Semrush offer a course for intermediate SEO professionals covering on-page and technical SEO. Upon completion of this, you can test for certification.

Length: Seven lessons in one hour

Popular blogging platform WordPress offers an entry-level course to introduce you to the fundamentals of SEO. Content is available on-demand, and you will receive a certificate of completion.

Conductor offers several free SEO courses, including SEO Basics, Paid & Organic Synergy, and Evangelizing SEO. All are intended to help you maximize your digital marketing strategy and increase search rankings.

Length: 1:30 for SEO basics

Local SEO puts you in front of customers right when theyre looking for you which means its really important. This coursefrom BrightLocal Academy will equip you with the knowledge and skills to start showing up on those searches conducted in your neighborhood.

Length: Eight lessons + certification in roughly one hour

This course, designed by UC Davis, will help you quickly get up to speed on the basics of search engine optimization. It includes information on developing a strategy, keyword research, and search behavior.

Length: 11 videos, eight hours to complete

More in-depth than this previous one, this program will teach you how to perform competitive analysis, develop influencer relationships, and create reports on your findings.

Length: Five courses

Free is always a great thing, but if youre looking for something a little more serious and focused, it might be worth your time to invest in a paid course. Here are some of the best ones:

Simplilearn is an online boot camp educator. Its Advanced SEO Course is intended to prepare you for a role as a full-stack SEO professional. This in-depth program focuses on everything from the basics of the search field to advanced skills like off-page optimization, developing a content marketing strategy, and managing analytics.

Length: 58 lessons ranging from under five minutes to roughly an hour and a half.

Price: Self-paced learning $1,199, online boot camp $1,499

SEO software provider Moz offers a wide variety of training options through its Moz Academy. Of particular interest is the SEO Essentials Certification. This course is intended to provide you with the knowledge you need to get started in SEO, including developing an understanding of how search engines operate.

Length: Six hours of instructor-guided content

Price: $595

Looking for something more advanced? This on-demand course is designed to equip you with the skills you need to take your technical SEO expertise from beginner to intermediate. Youll learn about crawlability, indexability, accessibility, and site performance.

Length: Three hours of instructor-led content

Price: $395

Yet another Moz Academy course intended for intermediate to advanced SEO professionals, this on-demand program will teach you how to identify and analyze your competitors SEO campaigns, conduct audits, and evaluate your rivals social media presence.

Length: Three hours of instructor-led content

Price: $395

An online continuing education platform for marketing professionals, ClickMinded offers an SEO certification course designed with busy professionals in mind. It will teach you the basics of search engine optimization, and upon passing the final exam, youll be awarded certification. It also includes lifetime access to five mini-SEO courses.

Length: Three to six hours

Price: Single courses from $997

This in-depth SEO course goes far beyond the fundamentals, helping you take your skills to the next level. A bigger time investment than some courses on this list, it is intended to be a comprehensive course on all things SEO.

Length: 25+ hours

Price: Self-paced learning for $1,199, online boot camp for $1,499

Learn everything from basic skills to advanced concepts in this online university. SEO 101 focuses on how search engines work and the skills and principles you need to know to improve your ranking.

Length: Eight modules over 32+ hours

Price: $40/month paid monthly; $33/month paid annually

Bruce Clay programmed the worlds first webpage analysis tool. Now, hes sharing his expertise in search engine optimization via SEOTraining.com. This exhaustive course is learn-at-your-own-pace and features everything from beginning SEO training to advanced tactics.

Length: 15+ hours over 48 videos

Price: $1,495 for a one-year membership

This structured online course is designed to walk you through every aspect of SEO and show you how to make it work for you. SERanking also offers a course on Content SEO to further expand your knowledge.

Length: 41 lessons over six hours

Price: Basic subscription starting at $39.20/month

This program is designed for people who dont have degrees in computer science or related fields. It breaks down how search engines work and gives you specific steps to help you maximize your ranking without needing to learn a coding language.

Length: Seven lessons, 60-90 minutes each

Price: $595 annual subscription

Learn the basics of SEO and how to structure your website in this online course from UC San Diego. Youll gain practical experience performing the duties of an SEO specialist while learning to use various online tools.

Length: Three credit hours

Price: $695

Learn to perform competitive analysis, create a keyword strategy and develop a crawler-friendly site architecture in this online course. This program will provide you with a solid understanding of SEO tactics and best practices.

Length: Three credit hours, five weeks

Prices: $1,194

This online course will equip you with work-ready skills to allow you to take on an SEO role with confidence. In addition to a practical understanding of best practices, youll also receive an industry-recognized certificate from Africas top university.

Length: 10 weeks with 10 hours per week

Learn to perform competitive research and develop SEO strategies in this micro-course. Youll gain a thorough understanding of how Google works and learn best practices to help you climb the rankings.

Length: 15 hours

Price: $559 Canadian

The great thing about the internet (aside from the fun of optimizing websites for search engines) is the absolute wealth of information it brings you. Here are a few other resources you can use to learn more about search engine optimization:

LinkedIn is more than a professional networking site its also a great place to learn.

At the time of writing, there were 521 SEO-related videos and courses available. And with such a large number to choose from, theres sure to be something of value for every skill level.

Online tech learning platform PluralSight is a great way to learn new skills including digital marketing and SEO.

A great place to earn tech certifications, you can even use it to learn to code if you want to add that to your growing set of web skills. A free trial is available, and then plans start at $299 per year.

Another learning platform dedicated to helping you level up your skillset, Udemy has a number of SEO videos.

Each video lesson is sold separately, but this gives you the benefit of choosing exactly which aspect of SEO you want to learn more about. Courses start at $14.99 each.

Skillshare offers a wide range of original videos on a variety of creative and tech topics, including, you guessed it, SEO.

Its a great place to brush up on the fundamentals or focus on a specific area for improvement. Prices start at $159 per year for teams.

One of the best things about working in SEO is that no two days are ever alike. And as long as Google keeps tinkering away with its algorithm, trying to fine-tune search results, there will always be a need for a skilled professional to help websites climb the rankings on search results pages.

The course discussed runs the gamut from free courses for absolute beginners to detailed classes on one specific aspect of SEO.

Just remember, no matter how long youve been doing it or how good you are, your education is never done. Keep learning its the only way to ensure your website gets the ranking it deserves.

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Best SEO Courses Online - Free & Paid Options

SEO training: teaches you how to improve your website expertise, authority and trust and increase your website traffic from organic search results. Students learn how to present expert content properly formatted for user experience and for search engines. Training can be in an online or classroom setting.

The renowned Bruce Clay SEO Training course is available online as a part of our comprehensive SEO training membership program at SEOtraining.com.

If you or your team would like to take this course in a self-paced, online and feature-rich format, please visit SEOtraining.com.

You will learn topics ranging from what is a search engine and how a search engine works to what it needs from a website, how to beat your competition in rankings and advanced methodologies that work. We teach SEO best practices that encompass what makes a website succeed: from content to code and from user experience to server expertise. It takes a real knowledge of SEO to provide a solid foundation for any digital marketer. Wisdom is the product of our course.

Our search engine optimization training course provides intensive SEO training by industry veteran Bruce Clay, the recognized Father of SEO. Others simply do not have the experience.

Youll learn how to improve website ranking and increase organic traffic and revenue from search.

We bring over 25 years of experience serving SEO clients to teach you what you need to know to improve your website strategy. Our content is refreshed often, and members get new and updated resources as they are released. In addition to the full SEO training course, membership at SEOtraining.com also includes a discussion forum as well as monthly live Q&A sessions to keep you current.

This intensive SEO training course covers SEO, technical information, and tested methodologies. It also discusses how other digital marketing disciplines play into SEO.

The updated material (15+ hours of instruction across 48 videos) addresses the changing face of SEO and digital marketing as a whole. Yet youll always learn the white hat methods Bruce Clay is known for. This is what provides lasting value to a website strategy.

Actionable information and tools to help you excel above the rest...combined with Bruce Clay's years of experience? Priceless.

Excellent walk through from basic to complex concepts. I now have a better understanding of the SEO world, having started my journey with this course.

As someone who relies on organic search as a strategic inbound competitive advantage, this course is a must take to fully understand how to scale a modern business in a digital economy and marketplace.

It's clear that Bruce is still very passionate about SEO and passing on his methodologies in the training. His passion along with real stories that span 24 years of experience makes the course very exciting.

This course was exceptional for providing in-depth information and experience in a way that provided a wholistic view of SEO. The topics all worked together, and Bruce was able to explain how each topic worked and should be implemented.

Bruce Clay is the real deal. I have been back in the office one day since the course and I'm already putting what I learned to work.

Completing this course is an industry-recognized standard of achievement. It teaches excellence and commitment to white hat SEO practices.

Fill out our contact form to inquire about SEO training for your team.

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SEO Training - Learn from Bruce Clay - Top Rated Online Course

The 10 Cheapest Personal Trainer Certifications Available in 2023

1 week agoACTION CPT ($99) Action CPT is the newest certification on this list. It is NFPT CPT ($339.00) The National Federation of Professional Trainers is a NESTA CPT ($477.00) The National Council for Certified Personal Trainers ACSM CPT ($525) ACSM is the American College of Sports Medicine. Its NCCPT CPT ($599.00) The National Council for Certified Personal Trainers NCSF CPT ($699.00) The National Council on Strength and Fitness is one of NSCA CPT ($712.80) NSCA is the National Strength and Conditioning ACE CPT ($849.00) The American Council on Exercise is a stalwart in the NASM CPT ($899.00) NASM is the National Academy of Sports Medicine, an ISSA CPT ($1,816.00) ISSA, or the International Sports Sciences See full list on ptpioneer.com

Estimated Reading Time: 9 mins 1. ACTION CPT ($99) Action CPT is the newest certification on this list. It is 2. NFPT CPT ($339.00) The National Federation of Professional Trainers is a 3. NESTA CPT ($477.00) The National Council for Certified Personal Trainers 4. ACSM CPT ($525) ACSM is the American College of Sports Medicine. Its 5. NCCPT CPT ($599.00) The National Council for Certified Personal Trainers 6. NCSF CPT ($699.00) The National Council on Strength and Fitness is one of 7. NSCA CPT ($712.80) NSCA is the National Strength and Conditioning 8. ACE CPT ($849.00) The American Council on Exercise is a stalwart in the 9. NASM CPT ($899.00) NASM is the National Academy of Sports Medicine, an 10. ISSA CPT ($1,816.00) ISSA, or the International Sports Sciences

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6 Cheapest Personal Training Certifications In 2023