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INFRASTRUCTURE COALITION FLIES IN AHEAD OF EXPECTED HOUSE VOTE: A coalition of business groups led by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce is amping up its pressure on House lawmakers to pass the bipartisan infrastructure package next week as political dynamics surrounding the measure have kept its prospects for passage murky. The groups, part of the Coalition for Bipartisan Infrastructure, launched a national day of action today, which includes a letter to House members, meetings on the Hill and a grassroots and social media push urging members to support the bill if, as Democratic leaders pledged this morning, it comes up for a vote next Monday.

A spokesperson for the Chamber said that the business lobby is doubling down on its outreach to Republicans in the House, a push that comes as a bloc of liberal Democrats threatens to torpedo the bill if its not tied to passage of a partisan $3.5 trillion social spending and climate package. Though 19 Republicans in the Senate voted for the bipartisan legislation, POLITICOs Olivia Beavers reported this morning that House leadership only has fewer than a dozen Republican votes not enough to overcome progressives opposition. The Chamber is lobbying House Republicans, highlighting the historic levels of funding that will be provided as well as the local projects that will be completed if the bill passes.

Another member of the infrastructure coalition, the Association of Equipment Manufacturers, has been blanketing the Hill today as part of a sprint to Mondays deadline, focusing its lobbying efforts at this point on House Republicans almost exclusively. Out of meetings with around 60 congressional offices today and tomorrow, the vast majority have been with Republicans as the trade association urges them to not throw the baby out with the bath water, the groups top lobbyist, Kip Eideberg, told PI. After their meetings, Eideberg said AEM feels confident that anywhere from 10 to 15 Republicans will vote for the package while trusting in [Speaker Nancy Pelosi] when she tells us that she will have enough Democrats to pass the bill.

AEM is pairing its D.C. advocacy with a grassroots pushback in members districts, looking to get Republicans out to equipment manufacturing facilities while providing air cover to yes votes and nudging other lawmakers who are leaning in that direction. It's an all-out effort on House Republicans, Eideberg said.

Both trade groups joined more than 100 trade associations, business groups and unions on a letter to all House members today urging yes votes on the bipartisan bill. The letter touts the broad benefits of the bipartisan bill in each state as identified by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, in addition to good-paying jobs through project construction in the short term and improved safety and mobility for people and goods for decades to come across the country. The letter was signed by other groups, including the Alliance for Automotive Innovation, the American Farm Bureau Federation, the American Trucking Associations, the AFL-CIO, the National Association of Manufacturers, the National Association of Wholesaler-Distributors and the National Stone, Sand and Gravel Association.

Good afternoon and welcome to PI. Got some juicy K Street or reconciliation gossip? Lets hear it: [emailprotected]. And be sure to follow me on Twitter: @caitlinoprysko.

SLACK YOU LATER: Slack, the ubiquitous business messaging platform from Salesforce Inc., is debuting a new tool for business leaders to coordinate policy letters and outreach to Congress, the White House and other local or global policymakers, Salesforces head of global sustainability, Patrick Flynn, told POLITICO Long Games Lorraine Woellert. Were going to bring our voice together and communicate to Congress or the president or the G-20 that climate matters to us, Flynn told her. The current process involves a flurry of emails and back-channel communications, and the new feature brings those talks to a single place. Its a massive streamlining of that effort.

ANNALS OF CAMPAIGN FINANCE: A political strategist who was pardoned by the former president after being convicted in a 2012 campaign finance scheme is facing new charges related to an alleged 2016 plot to illegally funnel donations made by a Russian national to support then-candidate Donald Trumps White House bid, The Washington Posts Felicia Somnez and Isaac Stanley-Becker report.

Jesse Benton, 43, who was previously a top aide to former congressman Ron Paul (R-Tex.) and Sen. Rand Paul (R-Ky.) and later ran the pro-Trump Great America super PAC, was charged this month, according to a federal indictment in Washington unsealed Monday. Also charged is Roy Douglas Doug Wead, 75, a conservative author and former special assistant to President George H.W. Bush.

Prosecutors allege that Benton and Wead made a so-called straw-man donation, illegally soliciting a contribution from a Russian national months before the 2016 election that they then funneled into a joint fundraising committee. The pair then filed false FEC reports to conceal the true source of the funding, prosecutors say. Federal disclosures from that period make clear the donation went to support Trumps election, though the recipient is not named in the indictment. Authorities allege Benton arranged for the Russian national to attend a fundraiser and get a photograph with the candidate, in exchange for a political contribution.

Benton and Wead concealed the scheme from the candidate, federal regulators, and the public, according to the indictment. The court filing does not name Trump, but details in the indictment match a $25,000 donation that Benton made in the fall of 2016 to a committee that jointly raised money for the Trump campaign and the Republican National Committee, campaign finance records show.

CASSIDY ADDS LONGTIME APPROPS HAND: Sarah Young has left the House Appropriations Committee, where she was the top staffer on the Military Construction-VA Subcommittee, after more than two decades to join Cassidy & Associates as a senior vice president. Young is the latest Hill aide to end up at Cassidy in recent months Samantha Swing, a former aide to Sen. Catherine Cortez Masto (D-Nev.) and a Harry Reid alum, joined Cassidy last month as a vice president. Earlier this year, Andrew Forbes rejoined the firm after serving as legislative director for the top Republican on the Senate Armed Services Committee, Jim Inhofe (R-Okla.), while Will Fadely joined as a vice president from The Wilderness Society.

HEARING AID MANUFACTURER LAUNCHES PUSH TO SHAPE ACCESSIBILITY RULES IN WASHINGTON: Starkey Hearing Technologies has launched a new initiative looking to shape the conversation around various legislative and regulatory pushes in D.C. aimed at making hearing aids more accessible. The new initiative, dubbed Listen Carefully, will seek to make health care professionals' voices more prominent as Democrats in Congress weigh expanding Medicare benefits to include hearing.

The companys push also looks to counter misinformation surrounding an executive order from President Joe Biden this year targeting the lack of over-the-counter hearing aids, as the industry awaits regulations from FDA that were due last year. As the push ramps up, lobbying disclosures show Starkey brought on a new outside lobbying firm at the beginning of August, retaining Robert White Associates in addition to its existing bench of lobbyists at Forbes-Tate and The Petrizzo Group.

As the largest American-owned hearing aid manufacturer, Starkey has a responsibility to share accurate information with lawmakers about hearing healthcare, to help guide informed legislative policies, Starkey President and CEO Brandon Sawalich said in a statement. Together, we will be a voice for the millions of Americans who suffer from hearing loss and are looking to officials in Washington to get OTC hearing aid regulation and Medicare expansion right.

REGULATORS MOVE TO CRACK DOWN ON STABLECOINS: The Treasury Department is moving to rein in a new class of cryptocurrencies whose popularity as a payment method is skyrocketing, POLITICOs Victoria Guida reports, citing a need to head off potential risks to consumers and to the financial system. So-called stablecoins payment tokens that differ from other cryptocurrencies because their value is often pegged to the U.S. dollar are drawing scrutiny because they have already been used in trillions of dollars worth of lightning-fast transactions and could transform the way Americans pay for things. Treasury and other regulators want to ensure that theyre reliable, even during financial panics.

The new attention is setting up a clash between the emerging crypto industry and financial regulators and is also feeding tension between the upstarts and more traditional firms like banks, which dominate the payments industry. Yet its also a sign that, even as assets like Bitcoin grab headlines as speculative investments, virtual currencies are steadily becoming more enmeshed in the U.S. financial system. There are some benefits to consumers that are worth exploring; namely, facilitation of faster payments, FDIC Chair Jelena McWilliams said in an interview. But there are also risks if stablecoins are adopted more broadly.

A message from HCA Healthcare:

HCA Healthcare has treated more COVID-19 inpatients than any other health system in the U.S. By analyzing our vast repository of COVID-19 data, we have a unique ability to leverage and share learnings to improve patient outcomes and public knowledge. The insights gained from our research and collaborations with the CDC and NIH will greatly accelerate the discovery of new approaches to care. See how we show up for our patients, communities and each other.

Michele Connell has been appointed global managing partner at Squire Patton Boggs. Shell succeed Fred Nance, who will launch a newly created DEI office within the firm. Connell was previously managing partner of Squires Cleveland office and strategic adviser to its corporate clients.

Sarah Meek joined BlueCross BlueShield as its director of government affairs, where she will be responsible for developing CareFirsts advocacy strategy. Meek previously worked for Lutheran Services in America Disability Network and the Alliance for Retired Americans.

Progressive data firm TargetSmart added Jamaa Bickley-King, a veteran of New Virginia Majority and Change the Game, as chief solutions officer. Chris Brill will rejoin the firm as director of strategic consulting after advising progressive outside groups in 2020.

Anand Gopal is joining Energy Innovation as executive director of strategy and policy. He was previously an environment program officer at the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation.

Reana Kovalcik is joining the Organic Trade Association in October as director of public affairs. Kovalcik previously served as the associate director for communications and development at the National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition and most recently as communications adviser on climate for American Forests.

Former Rep. Allyson Schwartz (D-Pa.) is joining FTI Consulting as a senior adviser in the strategic communications practice. She most recently was president and CEO of the Better Medicare Alliance.

Bonnie Glick is joining the Center for Tech Diplomacy at Purdue as its inaugural director. She previously was deputy administrator and COO at USAID.

None.

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535 Group, LLC: Reston Strategy Group, LLC On Behalf Of Hawkeye 360Becker & Poliakoff, P.A.: National Association Of Waterfront EmployersBecker & Poliakoff, P.A.: Ups (United Parcel Service)Bpce Sa: Bpce SaCivitas Public Affairs Group, LLC: New Venture FundEagle6 Consulting: Consensys Software Inc.Hogan Lovells US LLP: Corporation Services CompanyJ M Burkman & Associates: Green Mountain Flower CompanyJ.P. Deese & Associates, LLC: Defi Angels LLCMaynard, Cooper & Gale, P.C.: Mobile Airport AuthorityState Federal Strategies: Saybrook ManagementState Federal Strategies: Strata Clean EnergySteven Holtzman: Branch MetricsThunderbird Strategic LLC: Tusk StrategiesTwinlogic Strategies, LLP: Science Applications International CorporationVnf Solutions, LLC: Drax Group

K&L Gates LLP: Fincom Ltd.New England Antivivisection Society (D/B/A Client Listed): New England Antivivisection Society (D/B/A Client Listed)

A message from HCA Healthcare:

HCA Healthcare has treated more suspected and positive COVID-19 inpatients than any other health system in the nation. We are taking the learnings and insights we have gathered from these encounters and sharing them with prominent research institutions to accelerate the discovery of new approaches to care, improve patient outcomes and, ultimately, save lives.

Our innovative partnerships with governments, technology companies and other health systems allow us to pool resources, expertise and capabilities to improve the national COVID-19 response. By collaborating with the CDC, government agencies and other healthcare organizations, HCA Healthcare is supporting hospitals and caregivers around the world not just our own in the fight against COVID-19.

Through patient-centered care, collaboration, research and innovation, we are showing up for our patients, our communities and each other. Learn more about HCA Healthcares COVID-19 response.

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Business groups zero in on House Republicans to save BIF as progressives waver - Politico

Five progressive organizations on Tuesday urged top congressional Democrats to exclude a carbon tax from the sweeping budget reconciliation package they aim to pass this week following reports that the policy is under consideration in the U.S. Senate.

"Carbon taxes... do not reduce emissions, they put a squeeze on working families, and they are embraced by polluters."Mitch Jones, Food & Water Watch

Given the Senate's current makeup and Democrats' refusal to abolish the filibuster, passing the Build Back Better package is considered essential to delivering on President Joe Biden's climate pledges. Backed by the latest science, progressives have repeatedly advocated against including "false solutions" that impede a just transition away from fossil fuels and exacerbate the climate emergency.

Climate Justice Alliance, Food & Water Watch, Indigenous Environmental Network, Our Revolution, and Progressive Democrats of America made their case for leaving a carbon tax out of the package in a letter to House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.), House Ways and Means Committee Chair Richard Neal (D-Mass.), Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer (D-N.Y.), and Senate Finance Committee Chair Ron Wyden (D-Ore.).

While applauding Democratic leaders' efforts to generate the money necessary to combat the climate emergency, the groups warn of the expected harms of such a policy and argue that repealing fossil fuel subsidies "would provide a simpler and more robust revenue stream."

The letter came amid uncertainty over the fate of both the Build Back Better package and a bipartisan infrastructure bill, and just days after Wyden confirmed to The New York Times that in the face of opposition to the party's tax plan from Sen. Kyrsten Sinema (D-Ariz.), Schumer instructed him to craft legislation that would put a price on carbon emissions but also align with Biden's vow not to raise taxes on households making below $400,000.

As Wyden noted to the Times, a carbon tax remains a heavy push politically even if it comes with a dividend that would return a portion of the money to consumers. Of course, the more money returned to consumers in the form of rebates, the less revenue there is to spend on other programsthe point of instituting a carbon tax.

The potential impact that such a policy could have on families with lower incomes is among the concerns detailed in the groups' letter:

The Build Back Better Act is touted as the best shot to address the climate crisis, but it is also an opportunity to address the injustice and harms that fossil fuels bring to Black, Indigenous nations, and environmental justice communities. Including a carbon tax as a pay-for in this spending plan will further our dependency on fossil fuels and undermine efforts to eliminate and reduce pollution in vulnerable communities. Furthermore, this regressive tax will also undermine a key promise of President Biden to not raise taxes on people making under $400,000 per year, an increase that will be felt hardest among low- and moderate-income households who are least equipped to make investments necessary to avoid carbon emissions and these new taxes.

The organizations explain that fossil fuel interests support carbon taxes because they not only sustain but create more dependence on the industry by making social programslike those proposed in the Democrats' packagereliant on revenue from polluters.

"This perverse relationship," the letter warns, "will cause us to choose between the health of vulnerable communities and our climate or funding government programs, a dichotomy we should avoid at all costs."

"The inclusion of a carbon tax," the letter continues, "would create an inequitable, discriminatory, ineffective, and ultimately regressive proposal that gives a green light for the biggest climate scofflaws to pay to pollute and maintain a harmful status quo."

Food & Water Watch policy director Mitch Jones echoed the letter's warnings and demands in a statement Tuesday.

"Carbon taxes have fallen out of serious climate discussions for good reasons: They do not reduce emissions, they put a squeeze on working families, and they are embraced by polluters as a ploy to look concerned about climate while continuing business as usual," he said.

"If lawmakers are really concerned about holding the costs of this spending bill," Jones added, "they should get rid of the billions of dollars we waste every year on subsidies to polluters."

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Progressive Groups Warn Congress Against Including Carbon Tax in Reconciliation Package - Common Dreams

Grandmaster Hikaru Nakamura: The four-time U.S. chess champion is a dominant player in the Blitz game variety, otherwise known as speed chess. Known for being a calm and collected player, Nakamura is also famous for singing during games and mentoring other players. [Illustration: Jacqui Oakley]Fabiano Caruana is the No. 2ranked chess player in the world. Fourteen years ago, he became the youngest American grandmaster, at age 14, beating a record set by chess legend Bobby Fischer. Still, the St. Louisbased Caruanawho trails Norways Magnus Carlsen by just 41 pointsinsists that hes a pretty normal guy. I like movies and sports, and Im not a genius . . . plenty of people have the same skill level or ability as me, he says. He credits his success to a strict training regimen and a strong work ethic. Heres how he keeps his mental tools sharp enough to stay one of the best in the royal game.

Five-time Canadian National Girls Champion Alexandra Botez began streaming her games while at Stanford.Now she manages the BotezLive Twitch and YouTube channels with her chess playing sister, Andrea, where they have more than 70,000 followers. [Illustration: Jacqui Oakley]Caruanas parents signed him up for a chess club in Park Slope, Brooklyn, when he was 5 years old. I was having some disciplinary problems at school, and they thought this could help, he says. After his coach noticed his potential, he began taking private lessons and competing in tournaments at the Marshall Chess Club, in Manhattan. Now, beginners can train on their own. Theres really great open-source software, so practicing at a high level is very accessible to people, he says, adding that the next few generations will be stronger than my generation because of that. As chess players gain a following on Twitch, he hopes that more kids will pick up the game (see below). However, he says, there are some practical skills that you get from years of playing in tournaments, like learning how to play in front of people and assess your opponent sitting in front of you, that you cant get in front of a screen. For Caruana, embracing the game involved some personal sacrifices, including being homeschooled after age 12 in order to devote more time to tournaments.

Anna Rudolf: The 33-year-old Hungarian player is an international grandmaster and woman grandmaster; she is known for her signature bright-red lipstick, which she wears while playing. Rudolf is popular with fans across the world, creating content in English, Spanish, and Hungarian. [Illustration: Jacqui Oakley]Prior to every match, Caruana studies the way his opponents play, looking at their moves from previous competitions on an online database. For help, he works with a chess coach, who helps me come up with a strategy for how to start my games and often offers a different perspective on how to approach a problem, which is really valuable. Caruana also relies on a coach for emotional support during tournaments. You want a coach that you click with. Its a personal thing, he says, explaining that its hard to talk about a tough chess game with friends, because they may not understand [the game] at such a high level, and they may not understand how tough it is for me emotionally. When I need to complain or talk to someone, I talk to my coach. Though he has made friends with other players and spends time with them on the circuit, he admits that it can be tough to get close to people he is constantly competing with. Outside of practicing chess, Caruana says its important for him to train physicallyhe plays tennis regularlyand decompress, which he does by watching movies. When you play chess for hours at a time, its easy to be mentally exhausted, and you actually burn a lot of calories playing. Its important to have an outlet for all the stress, and to do things where you dont think about chess at all.

Levy Rozman: The 25-year-old chess international master gained fame for breaking down the games played in the hit Netflix miniseries The Queens Gambit. A chess coach as well, he uses his content to educate viewers; he has also published full courses for players at all levels. [Illustration: Jacqui Oakley]According to Caruana, the difference between the very top players in the world and everyone else doesnt come down to ability or knowledge. Its a concentration thing, he says. Its having the ability and the stamina to focus for a long period of time. Although playing in front of an audience doesnt bother himhe has, after all, been competing since he was 6Caruana says that developing a winning mindset is key, especially after facing setbacks. When youre defending a bad position [on the board], its not fun. I get depressed. But you have to realize that your opponent could also make a mistake, he says. He has developed several strategies to change his outlook when hes in a tough spot. For instance, If I feel like Im fighting for something, its easier. I can decide to consider a draw a victory. I can also decide to make it as hard as possible for my opponent to finish off the game. I have to realize that I still have a chance.

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How chess champ Fabiano Caruana keeps his head in the game - Fast Company

LANSING, Mich. It's a game of strategy and patience but it's not offered in many local schools.

Now a group of volunteers is giving kids and community members the opportunity to learn how to play chess for free.

For the last year, a group of men called the Dangerous Knights have been coming to The Village to teach chess. David Odom, founder of the Village Chess Club, reached out for help after he realized there werent local programs teaching the game.

They had some great chess masters and they agreed to come in and volunteer and give their own time, Odom said.

Odom says the Dangerous Knights faithfully show up every Monday and Wednesday night to teach anyone who wants to learn the game.

He says there are lots of life lessons to learn from chess.

Ive learned to meditate and clear my mind before we even start. We do that every single class. That was one instructors trick. He taught us that. He also taught me and my son about being healthy, Odom said.

Joshua Odom, his 24-year-old son, says the game has been fun to learn.

I just love the aspect of the game itself just overall. Everything about it. The skills you gain from it. The knowledge and the wisdom, Joshua Odom said.

Organizers say there are about 10 kids who regularly stop by to learn the game. Fausto Twining is one of them.

Its awesome because an hour is really perfect. The teachers are really kind and helpful. Its just a fun place and no one is a sore loser or winner, said the 11-year old Twining.

Bryan Leek is a member of the Dangerous Knights and one of the people teaching the kids at the Village Chess Club. He says the goal is to pass on knowledge to the next generation.

Its all about teaching what to do if it ever came down to a situation where you were in trouble. Youd already know in your mind what to do. In other words. Youre always thinking ahead. Always, Leek said.

Chess is not currently offered in the Lansing School District.

The Lansing Village Chess Club meets at The Village on Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard every Monday and Wednesday from 5:30 p.m. until 6:30 p.m.

If youd like to learn more, click here.

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Lansing chess club teaches the game free of charge - WSYM-TV

Only 20 players in the history of chess have held the official title of world champion, 16 of which held the "classical" title. With rare exception the classical champion has been decided in a match between the sitting champion and a challenger. It has had a linear progression, with each champion reigning until displaced.

How to watch the 2021 World Chess Championship live

From 1993-2006, the title was split after the champion and challenger left the International Chess Federation, FIDE. In those 13 years, six players held the title of the FIDE World Champion. Two of the six were also classical champions.

Below the tables of champions you will find a picture and short paragraph of information on all of these all-time great players.

Classical World Champions

Notes: t - Tournament victory. * - Retained in drawn match.** - Won in rapid/blitz tiebreaks.# - Leading match when canceled without official result.d - Default.

FIDE World Champions (1993-2006)

Notes: k - Knockout tournament victory (64+ players).t - Standard tournament victory (<8 players).

Steinitz is often considered the "father of positional chess." He defeated Johannes Zukertort in the first-ever world championship, held in 1886.

Lasker, a highly practical player, was the longest-reigning world champion in chess history. He won the title from Steinitz in 1894 and held it all the way until 1921.

Capablanca, a chess prodigy and one of the best endgame players ever, defeated Lasker 4-0 in 1921 to become world champion. From 1916-24, Capablanca scored +40 =23 -0 in tournament games, a record time span without a loss.

Alekhine, known for his attacking play and deep combinations, is the only world champion to die while holding the title. He won it in an upset over Capablanca in 1927 and held it until his death in 1946, except for a two-year interregnum from 1935-37.

Euwe beat Alekhine in an upset in 1935. He is to date the only Dutch world champion, and was also the only Dutch grandmaster when FIDE first awarded the title in 1950.

The first great Soviet chess player and their leading competitor for about 30 years, Botvinnik later went on to coach three future world champions: Karpov, Kasparov, and Kramnik.

Botvinnik was the first player to win the world championship in a tournament, one FIDE organized in the aftermath of Alekhine's passing. In an odd twist of history, he never won outright a match in defense of his title: His 1951 match with GM David Bronstein and 1954 match with Smyslov both ended 12-12, but the rules of the time allowed the champion to keep his title in case of a tie. After losing his title in 1957 and 1960, a rematch clause gave Botvinnik the opportunity to regain the title in 1958 and 1961, which he did both times.

Smyslov was the first player to win the world championship after having lost an earlier title match. His very solid style made him extremely tough to beat, and despite only winning one of three championship matches against Botvinnik, had a winning score in those matches (34.5-33.5).

Tal was 23 when he became world champion, the youngest-ever at that point. Where Smyslov was solid, Tal was dynamic, known for highly complex sacrifices that required both calculation and intuition. Tal, like Smyslov, held the title for a year before Botvinnik took it back. Tal was often hospitalized due to complications from smoking and drinking, but remained a brilliant player until he passed away age 55 in 1992.

Known for his stout prophylactic defense, Petrosian was the player who finally ended Botvinnik's championship reign for good. They were the only multiple-time champions between Alekhine and Karpov.

Spassky was known as a universal player who could win in any type of position. He was the last world champion to use the King's Gambit, which he won multiple brilliant victories with. After failing to topple Petrosian in 1966, Spassky qualified again in 1969 and this time emerged victorious.

Fischer had one of the greatest peaks in chess history from 1969-72, including 20 consecutive wins without even a draw: the last seven games of the 1970 Interzonal, 6-0 against GM Mark Taimanov in the Candidates quarterfinal, 6-0 against GM Bent Larsen in the semifinal, and his first game against Petrosian in the Candidates final. He won that match 6.5-2.5 before moving on to beat Spassky 12.5-8.5 to win the championship.

Three years later, he refused to defend his title, and he played just one serious match and zero tournaments in the last 36 years of his life before passing away in 2008, age 64.

Karpov is one of the great positional geniuses in chess history. Although he is the only player to become world champion by forfeit, he was an extremely active tournament player while he was champion and won several major events, solidifying his claim. He also twice defended his crown against a player many consider the best-ever who did not become world champion, GM Viktor Korchnoi.

Karpov was also FIDE champion from the beginning of the split era in 1993, when he defeated GM Jan Timman, until 1999, when he refused to participate in FIDE's new championship format. (More on that below.)

Kasparov, who was named the best chess player in history by Chess.com in 2020, broke Tal's record for youngest world champion. He is also tied with Lasker for most world championship matches won, with six. The last two of these came outside of FIDE, after he and GM Nigel Short left in 1993, leading to the split title.

Like Alekhine in 1927 and Euwe in 1935, Kramnik's title came as a shock when he wrested it from Kasparov in 2000. Kramnik defended against GM Peter Leko in 2004. Then, in 2006, he defeated FIDE's champion Topalov to reunite the title.

Anand, known for his speed of play, took the title in a tournament instead of a match vs. Kramnik. It is the only time a living world champion lost the title without a match, so they played the next year Anand also won that, finally recementing the undisputed nature of the classical line.

Thanks to Anand, interest in chess exploded in his nation of India, home to more than a billion people and now one of the best chess-playing countries in the world.

Some already consider Carlsen the best player in chess history. His strength at faster time controls has allowed him to win multiple rapid tiebreaks to keep his title.

After Kasparov and Short left FIDE, Karpov defeated GM Jan Timman in a match. He defended the FIDE title twice but withdrew from the cycle in 1999, essentially giving up the title, when FIDE would only give him a one-round bye in its new 100-player format.

Khalifman won the 1999 FIDE World Championship, a 100-player knockout tournament.

Seven years before becoming classical world champion, Anand won the 2000 FIDE World Championship, a 100-player knockout tournament.

Ponomariov won the 2002 FIDE World Championship, a 128-player knockout tournament.

Kasimdzhanov won the 2004 FIDE World Championship, a 128-player knockout tournament.

In 2005, the FIDE World Championship was an eight-player field. Topalov won to become FIDE World Champion. The next year, he lost a match to Kramnik that reunified the title.

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All The World Chess Champions - Chess.com