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Gabby Miller is staff writer at Tech Policy Press.

The popular video sharing app TikTok, which is owned by the China-based parent company ByteDance, has come under increased scrutiny in the past year over security and privacy concerns, as well as fears that the apps algorithms and design may harm mental health, especially for children and teens. Over the course of the last week, there were multiple legal developments in state and federal courts that may affect the platforms future. The Utah Division of Consumer Protection (UDCP) launched a lawsuit against the company, a California judge greenlit a slew of claims against TikTok and other tech giants, and a challenge to a law banning TikTok in Montana had its first hearing in court.

Last Tuesday, Utahs Division of Consumer Protection (UDCP) sued TikTok over its surreptitiously designed video sharing app. The Utah regulator claims that TikTok uses features to hook young users and mislead parents about the apps dangers to childrens mental health and well-being. The regulator alleges the social media giant illegally baits children into addictive and unhealthy use, blatantly misrepresents the apps safety, and deceptively portrays itself as independent of its China-based parent company ByteDance.

At a press conference announcing the lawsuit, Utahs Republican Governor, Spencer Cox, promised the state will hold social media companies accountable by any means necessary. The lawsuit references the actions of other regulators around the world, including a $368 million fine levied against TikTok by Irelands Data Protection Commission for violating European privacy laws, as well as settlements related to the handling of childrens data with the Federal Trade Commission (2019) and the UK Information Commissioners Office (2023).

A legal challenge to a law banning TikTok in Montana (SB 419) had its first court hearing last Thursday under District Judge Donald W. Molloy. TikTok was joined by five of its creators in challenging the ban, which was passed by Montana lawmakers this spring. The company says the ban is unconstitutional. The lawsuits by the company and the creators accuse Montana of infringing on users First Amendment rights and claim that the state violated its legal authority regarding national security and foreign policy concerns.

Some reports characterized Judge Molloys questions and comments as weighing largely in favor of the plaintiffs. In the hearing, which lasted less than an hour, he slammed the Montana legislature for its paternalistic views of social media users and faulted lawmakers for not taking lesser measures to protect users before passing a total ban. He was also skeptical as to whether Montana could even provide the necessary evidence required to validate the ban. Is there some prohibition for a legislature enacting legislation that may not have any factual basis but is just an opinion of the law enforcement people or some other entity? asked Molloy, before promising he will decide whether to grant a preliminary injunction before the bill takes effect on Jan. 1, 2024.

Montana was the first state to pass such a ban, but more than thirty states have taken up some form of legislative action restricting TikTok.

Free speech advocates and the tech industry associations, among others, have expressed their support for striking down the Montana bill, with NetChoice and the Chamber of Progress filing a joint amicus brief in August in support of the creators. After Thursdays hearing, the Knight First Amendment Institute at Columbia University offered a statement in support of a preliminary injunction. Theres really no question that TikTok and its users should prevail here, Jameel Jaffer, executive director of the Knight Institute, said in an official statement. Montana simply hasnt offered any persuasive reason why it cant achieve its interests with means that impose less of a burden on First Amendment rights. If Montana wants to protect its citizens privacy, it should pass a privacy law.

On Friday, a judge in California threw out a raft of claims brought by teens and their parents against TikTok, Meta, Snapchat, and YouTube, but allowed claims related to the design of the social media apps to advance. Los Angeles County Judge Carolyn B. Kuhl gave the go-ahead for the lawsuits in California to explore a negligence theory that argues companies have acted carelessly. This advance[s] a novel legal theory that attempts to treat social media platforms as defectively designed products to bypass Section 230, which has been nearly bulletproof in protecting platforms from suits based on user content, according to Bloomberg Laws Isaiah Poritz.

This decision is an important step forward for the thousands of families we represent whose children have been permanently afflicted with debilitating mental health issues thanks to these social media giants, lawyers for the plaintiffs said in a statement, according to Bloomberg. But there are signs that tech industry voices disagree. MediaPosts Wendy Davis quoted Chris MacKenzie, communications director for the Big Tech-funded group Chamber of Progress, as saying the ruling fundamentally misunderstands Section 230.

TikTok is also facing significant federal scrutiny. Despite President Joe Bidens TikTok ban on government devices being held up in the courts, there are some signs of renewed bipartisan energy to pass alternative legislation that would address concerns about TikTok. And TikTok will soon have to answer to the European Union as the Digital Services Act (DSA) takes effect. Last week Thierry Breton, the EUs internal market commissioner, posted a public warning to TikTok along with similar letters to Meta, Google, and X that in order to comply with the DSA, the platform must urgently address illegal content related to the Israel-Hamas war. Only one thing is certain: there is no end in sight to TikToks trials and tribulations.

Gabby Miller is a staff writer at Tech Policy Press. She was previously a reporting fellow at the Tow Center for Digital Journalism, where she used investigative techniques to uncover the ways Big Tech companies invested in the news industry to advance their own policy interests. Shes an alumna of Vassar College, where she studied feminist and queer theory, as well as Columbia Universitys Graduate School of Journalism.

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TikTok's Trials and Tribulations Mount - Tech Policy Press

On Dec. 24, 2020, Kenneth Chesebro and other lawyers fighting to reverse President Donald J. Trumps election defeat were debating whether to file litigation contesting Joseph R. Biden Jr.s victory in Wisconsin, a key swing state.

Mr. Chesebro argued there was little doubt that the litigation would fail in court he put the odds of winning at 1 percent as Mr. Trump continued to push his baseless claims of widespread fraud, according to emails reviewed by The New York Times.

But the relevant analysis, Mr. Chesebro argued, is political.

The emails have new significance because Mr. Chesebro is scheduled to be one of the first two of Mr. Trumps 18 co-defendants to go on trial this month on charges brought by the district attorneys office in Fulton County, Ga. The indictment accused Mr. Chesebro of conspiring to create slates of so-called fake electors pledged to Mr. Trump in several states that Mr. Biden had won.

Mr. Chesebros lawyers have argued that his work was shielded by the First Amendment and that he acted within his capacity as a lawyer. They have called for his case to be dismissed, saying he was merely researching and finding precedents in order to form a legal opinion, which was then supplied to his client, the Trump campaign.

Scott R. Grubman, a lawyer for Mr. Chesebro, said lawyers often argue for positions that are not widely held. For example, any lawyer who has ever filed a pleading challenging existing Supreme Court precedent falls within this category, he said. Maybe a long shot, but far from criminal. In fact, its how the law changes over time.

Mr. Trump has also signaled that one of his possible defenses is that he was simply acting on the advice of his lawyers.

But Mr. Chesebros emails could undercut any effort to show that the lawyers were focused solely on legal strategies. Rather than considering just the law and the facts of the case, Mr. Chesebro made clear he was considering politics and was well aware of how the Trump campaigns legal filings could be used as ammunition for Republicans efforts to overturn the results when Congress met to certify the Electoral College outcome on Jan. 6, 2021.

Just getting this on file means that on Jan. 6, the court will either have ruled on the merits or, vastly more likely, will have appeared to dodge again, Mr. Chesebro wrote in the email chain. He added that a lack of action by the Supreme Court would feed the impression that the courts lacked the courage to fairly and timely consider these complaints, and justifying a political argument on Jan. 6 that none of the electoral votes from the states with regard to which the judicial process has failed should be counted.

Of the chances of success, Mr. Chesebro estimated the odds the court would grant effective relief before Jan. 6, Id say only 1 percent. But he wrote the filing has possible political value.

Mr. Chesebro wrote that it was hard to have enormous optimism about what will happen on Jan. 6, but a lot can happen in the 13 days left until then, and I think having as many states under review both judicially and in state legislatures as possible is ideal.

He said the legal filings could produce a political payoff to bolster the argument that there should at least be extended debate in Congress about election irregularities in each state. He added that the public should come away from this believing that the election in Wisconsin was likely rigged, and stolen by Biden and Harris, who were not legitimately elected.

Responding to the email chain was John Eastman, the conservative lawyer who has also been charged in the Georgia election case. Mr. Eastman said he believed the legal arguments were rock solid but the odds of success were not based on the legal merits, but an assessment of the justices spines. And I understand that there is a heated fight underway.

Mr. Chesebro responded: I particularly agree that getting this on file gives more ammo to the justices fighting for the court to intervene. I think the odds of action before Jan. 6 will become more favorable if the justices start to fear that there will be wild chaos on Jan. 6 unless they rule by then, either way.

Mr. Trump had posted to Twitter days before for his followers to come to the Capitol on Jan. 6, telling them to be there. Will be Wild. Thousands of his supporters stormed the building, injuring at least 150 officers and delaying an official proceeding of Congress.

Other emails that Mr. Chesebro sent are crucial in the Georgia case. On Wednesday, the judge overseeing the case, Scott McAfee, ruled that a handful of emails that Mr. Chesebro sought to shield from evidence are admissible under the crime-fraud exception, the standard by which probable cause has been established that the correspondence or a lawyers advice was used in furtherance of a crime.

Mr. Chesebro and Sidney Powell, another Trump lawyer, are the only ones to seek speedy trials, as Georgia allows. Jury selection is scheduled to begin on Monday.

Photographs and videos reviewed by The New York Times suggest that Mr. Chesebro, a quiet Harvard Law graduate from Wisconsin, was in the crowd outside the Capitol on Jan. 6, 2021. He had spent part of that day closely following the conspiracy theorist Alex Jones, who helped lead a mob toward the building.

Alan Feuer contributed reporting.

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Trump Lawyer Acknowledged Political Agenda in Election Suit ... - The New York Times

A digital-age dirty-trickster who used Twitter posts that looked like Hillary Clinton ads to spread false information before the 2016 presidential election was sentenced on Tuesday to seven months in prison.

During a trial last spring, prosecutors presented evidence that the man, Douglass Mackey, had joined private Twitter groups where participants reveled in using lies and deceit on behalf of Donald J. Trump, carrying out what one participant termed the deep psyops of meme war.

Much of that activity was protected by the First Amendment, prosecutors said. But they argued that Mr. Mackey committed a crime days before the election when, using the name Ricky Vaughn, he posted images targeting Black and Latino voters that claimed it was possible to vote by text message. The idea, prosecutors said, was to suppress votes for Mrs. Clinton.

One of the images showed a Black woman and another one had a message in Spanish. Both included logos resembling the Clinton campaigns and fine print attributing them to Hillary for President.

Mr. Mackey, who was convicted in March of conspiring to deprive others of their right to vote, declined to address the court before his sentencing on Wednesday.

Before issuing his sentence, Judge Ann M. Donnelly, of Federal District Court in Brooklyn, said that Mr. Mackey had been one of the leading members of that conspiracy and that it had been nothing short of an assault on our democracy.

Mr. Mackeys lawyer had asked in a memorandum to the judge that his client be spared prison, saying his offenses had consisted only of computer clicks.

In 2018, three years before he was arrested, Mr. Mackey started psychotherapy and decided to change his life, the lawyer, Andrew J. Frisch added, writing: The Douglass Mackey who stands before the court for sentencing is not Ricky Vaughn of seven years ago.

Prosecutors asked that Mr. Mackey be sentenced to six months to a year in prison. They wrote that any changes in his life were not because of regret, but because of his unmasking in 2018 as Ricky Vaughn, a notoriously hateful figure who boasted of leveraging a troll army and was included by M.I.T. Media Lab on a list of top election influencers.

Referring to Mr. Mackeys actions as mere clicks minimized their impact, prosecutors said, because his true power was his ability to spread messages to convert his clicks into tens of thousands more.

Mr. Mackeys trial provided a glimpse into a crass world in which far-right activists in Twitter groups called War Room and Infowars Madman sought to sow chaos and division with the goal of boosting Mr. Trump.

I wanted to infect everything, testified one participant, identified only as Microchip, who began cooperating with the F.B.I. in 2018 and pleaded guilty to a conspiracy charge related to his circulation of misinformation.

Evidence showed that participants discussed generating interest in emails stolen from the Clinton campaign by Russia; portraying Mrs. Clinton as a warmonger; and promoting the claim that she had cheated during the primaries to get supporters of Senator Bernie Sanders to hate not just Hillary, but the Democratic Party itself.

Mr. Mackey pushed the hashtag #WriteInBernie, evidence showed, and stated that women and naturalized citizens should not be allowed to vote. He also wrote that Black people were unintelligent and gullible and suggested spreading a hashtag, #NeverVote, in Black social media spaces.

On Twitter, the day after he posted the false voting meme showing the woman, prosecutors said, Mr. Mackey made his motive clear, writing that a key to a Trump victory would be to limit black turnout.

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Man Who Spread Misinformation on Trump's Behalf Sentenced to 7 ... - The New York Times

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Letter to the editor: We mustn't forget communism's many victims - Bozeman Daily Chronicle

Acclaimed Albanian novelist Ismail Kadare has talked about being smothered by "the hell of communism" and how writing helped him survive one of the worst dictators in the old Eastern Bloc.

The veteran writer -- an eternal bridesmaid for a Nobel literature prize -- was awarded France's highest honour Monday.

Despite being branded a traitor by Albania's communist leaders when he defected to France in 1990, Kadare was accused by some of enjoying a privileged position under Enver Hoxha, who presided over Europe's most paranoid and isolated regime.

But the author of "Broken April" and "The General of the Dead Army" told AFP those years were "hell" -- a living nightmare from which he forged some of his greatest works.

"The hell of communism, like every other hell, was smothering in the worst sense of the term. But literature transformed that into a life force, a force which helped you survive and hold your head up and win out over dictatorship," said the 87-year-old.

Several writers and artists were imprisoned and even executed under Hoxha's murderous rule. Kadare -- who came from the same small town and was made a member of parliament -- escaped prison but was targeted by the secret police.

He was sent into internal exile in 1975 after publishing a satirical poem called "The Red Pasha", a clear reference to the dictator.

In her memoirs, Hoxha's widow Nexhmije claimed the tyrant -- who fancied himself as a man of letters -- protected Kadare from other hardline Stalinists who wanted the head of the "bourgeois" writer.

His defenders say Kadare's genius was using allegory and metaphor to depict the horrors of what was going on around him in almost impossible circumstances.

- 'Always been true' -

"Writing under a dictatorship is very difficult, almost impossible, because it is impossible to write as you want to write," he told AFP.

"Which is why I am so grateful for literature, because it gives me the chance to overcome the impossible.

"I have always been true to my writing," he insisted. "It was the absolute goal of my life and it helped me get over all the difficulties. When art survives it triumphs," he said.

Kadare, who was made a grand officer of France's Legion of Honour by President Emmanuel Macron, drew a comparison with the late dissident Czech writer Milan Kundera, who also had to deny allegations he collaborated with the communists who banned his work.

"As Kundera said, 'Art never triumphs with its head bowed.'"

Kadare previously said that his fame both protected him and made him suspect.

Files from Hoxha's feared secret police the Sigurimi showed that he and his family were continually followed and persecuted.

Indeed recently uncovered papers quote Hoxha as describing the writer as a cursed "raven of doom" who brought him bad luck.

- Haunted by Hoxha -

That has not stopped some critics dismissing him as the "official dissident" the regime tolerated.

Yet several of Kadare's works written under Hoxha took aim at authoritarianism, often through the oblique lens of the Ottoman empire, which occupied Albania for five centuries, or classical allusions.

"The Palace of Dreams", published four years before the dictator's death in 1985, was banned as a veiled attack on the Politburo but not before it had become a bestseller.

Kadare said writers "must serve freedom". "The truth is not in my acts but in my books, which are a real literary testament," he told AFP in 2019.

Hoxha's looming presence haunts several of the writer's works, mostly notoriously "The Successor" which delved into the murky death of the dictator's closest ally, Mehmet Shehu, who was later denounced as a "foreign agent".

"Literature is my great and only love," Kadare told AFP in his Tirana apartment. "It has given sense to my life, given me courage to resist, happiness and the hope to overcome everything."

And he said he has never lost his appetite for storytelling.

"I write all the time. I write down ideas, little stories... Every time something is published it is like being born again, and it has always been like that for me.

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Writing triumphed over 'hell of communism', says Albania's Kadare - Yahoo News