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March 6, 2017, 6:00 PM EST March 7, 2017, 4:05 AM EST

In a world of ever-tighter borders, an epic labor migration into Poland has it asking for more of the same.

Not even a million Ukrainians whove come to the nation of 38 million since a pro-Russian insurgency erupted in their country three years ago have been enough to sate a labor market stretched by record-low unemployment and economic growth on track to top 3 percent in 2017.

The unprecedented numbers have already helped keep a lid on wage growth while stabilizing an economy that stumbled last year. As policy makers review borrowing costs this week, the arrivals have also meant a boon for a central bank thats prized stability in interest rates. On pause since March 2015, the 10-member Monetary Policy Council will leave its benchmark at a historical low of 1.5 percent again on Wednesday, according to all 30 analysts surveyed by Bloomberg.

The entry of one million Ukrainians implies that demography is not destiny, Tomasz Wieladek, an economist at Barclays Plc, said in a report. The disinflationary pressure in the labor market will likely contribute to low core CPI inflation and hence allow lower interest rates for longer. The mitigation of population aging from migration will likely contribute to higher long-run growth.

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Russian President Vladimir Putins annexation of Crimea in 2014, followed by a separatist conflict and a two-year recession, sent more Ukrainians to neighboring Poland in search of better lives. Close cultural and linguistic ties, as well as convenient bus transit across the border, made Poland an obvious destination. While the wave of migration into the European Union is largely fueled by those escaping armed conflicts in Syria and North Africa, Ukrainians are drawn to Poland by higher wages and relative ease of access to its job market. The number of Ukrainians absorbed by Poland is comparable to the total of migrants that came to Germany -- a country about double the size -- in 2015-2016, according to official estimates. Its clearly up to a combination of not only economic but also political reasons that the size of Ukrainian immigration has become exceptionally huge, saidJakub Binkowski, an immigration expert at the Polish Union of Entrepreneurs and Employers.

QuickTake: Ukraine's Uncertain Future

Although the number of Ukrainian workers in Poland already topped a record 1.3 million last year, almost half of employers sought out Ukrainians because no local hires were available, according to a surveyof 300 companies in January. Almost 40 percent of firms in sales and services rely on Ukrainians, said Work Service SA, a recruiting and human resources company in Warsaw that conducted the study.

The immigration wave from Ukraine has effectively delayed the graying of Polands population by five years, according to PKO Bank Polski SA. Thats no small feat for one of the fastest-aging and lowest-fertility nations in Europe.

National Bank of Poland Governor Adam Glapinski has already warned that the country is facing a deficit of workers, saying unemployment is below its natural level. Members of the rate-setting council expressed concern that wage growth might quicken substantiallyin the coming quarters as joblessness declines, according to minutes of the central banks February meeting.

Some measures proposed by the government, such as a plan to lower the retirement age, may only compound Polands woes by shrinking labor supply. The jobless rate in Poland has been at the lowest since the data series started in 1992. It was 5.5 percent last quarter, compared with 5.9 percent in the prior three months.

Growth in average gross wages accelerated to 4.3 percent from a year earlier in January, the fastest in five months, after averaging about 4 percent in 2016. Without easing the strains on the labor market, higher salaries could put even more pressure on inflation, which in January already reached the central banks target range for the first time in four years.

Forward-rate agreements, derivatives used to bet on interest rate levels, reveal expectations that Polands next policy move with be to increase borrowing costs in 2018.

Poland needs an additional 5 million workers within the next 20 years to keep up economic growth, according to the Polish Union of Entrepreneurs and Employers. Its set to receive about 100 billion euros ($106 billion) in EU development funds over the next five years, and the country risks spinning its wheels if the labor supply is thinning.

Poland is just about to set in motion major investment projects and needs to speed up work on their completion, said Maciej Witucki, head ofWork Service. Without workers from Ukraine, the risk that companies will miss their plans becomes more and more realistic.

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Poland Can't Get Enough of Ukrainian Migrants - Bloomberg

To the surprise of many analysts, protests have broken out in politically torpid Belarus. The protests are nominally over the so-called "parasite tax" that must be paid by people who are neither formally employed or registered as officially unemployed.

The stakes, however, are actually greater than they may first appear. The tax that is drawing the ire of protesters is actually just one of several policies that the regime of President Alexander Lukashenka uses to keep its citizens in line.

By outward appearances, Belarus does not appear to be a dictatorship. Official political prisoners don't exist and there are no posters of the strongman lording over the streets of Belarusian cities.

But this is deceptive. Lukashenka prefers to employ a system of economic coercion to dissuade people from engaging in political activity that may shake his rule. Most Belarusians work for state-owned enterprises or for the government itself. Services such as healthcare, universities and railroads are all managed by the state. There is some private enterprise, mostly in the tech industry.

Belarusians who work for a state-run enterprise must sign an employment contract that can be either renewed or terminated after just one year. This gives employers the enormous power to coerce employees to engage in pro-Lukashenka political activities or to take part in elections work where they can be made to falsify results.

Also, should an employee stat gathering signatures for an anti-Lukashenka candidate, his boss can just send him out of town on business trips for a few weeks until the candidate filing deadline ends. The anti-parasite laws are meant to make it difficult for citizens to escape this coercive power of the state.

The system, however, is currently showing cracks. The Belarusian economy is sputtering with rising inflation and rising energy prices as Russia has been putting the squeeze on the country to keep it in the Russian political orbit. Some industries, such as dairy and food processing, fertilizers, chemicals, and tractors, continue to be competitive globally. However, Soviet-style inefficiency in other sectors and high debt burdens on industry continue to hobble the country economically.

Belarus's economy has contracted over the past two years and household income contracted by 7.5 percent in 2016 alone. The only real way the struggling state enterprises can be modernized and reshaped is for Belarus to open up its economy to the West and reform its government accordingly.

For now, the government is taking some small measures. Recently, the government made it possible for citizens of 39 countries to travel to Belarus for brief periods without a visa in an attempt to lure tourists and their hard currency. But even this modest move angered Russia, which began erecting checkpoints on its border with Belarus in response.

As the economy slides more and more, Belarusians are finding it more financially rewarding to become self-employed. This is especially true for those with certain intellectual skills, such as translators, writers, editors, some software developers, artists, designers and musicians. Additionally, Belarusian workers who may have previously gone to Russia for seasonal employment are now finding that those options are drying up due to sanctions on Russia and declining Russian salaries.

However, the tax, which amounts to roughly $250 per year in a country where the official average income is $4,000 per year, comes into play. Becoming officially unemployed means performing community service work at a rate of only $10 per month. The tax also applies to spouses who are caregivers. Even citizens who may sell produce from their gardens are subject to the tax. Belarusians working overseas also have to pay the tax.

The tax serves as a way to essentially punish people for their independence. It also punishes the very entrepreneurship that Belarus needs. Nevertheless, anti-Lukashenka activists often purposely take informal jobs in order to avoid being financially dependent on the state.

The Lukashenka government now faces a dilemma: It must either loosen its economic and political grip on the populace in order to increase productivity and improve economic growth, or it continues its current economic slide.

Pursuing reforms, though, risks incurring the wrath of Moscow, whose propaganda organs are already talking of a new "Maidan" in Belarus and menacingly warning against a tilt to the West. Notably, the joint military exercises that are about to take place with Russia are considerably larger on the Russian side this year than they have been in previous years.

For now, the Belarusian government is mostly ignoring the protesters, but if the movement grows in a serious way, the state will either have to reform, employ violence or be toppled. Even the threat of toppling may result in intervention on Moscow's part.

So, while Belarus may not currently rank high on the list of potential foreign policy crises, it may very well be the Trump administration's first big test in Russian relations.

Mitchell Polman, a consultant who specializes in the post-Soviet space, is a veteran international election observer who has observed Belarusian parliamentary elections. His work has appeared in The New Republic, The Daily Beast and other outlets.

The views of contributors are their own and not the views of The Hill.

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Facing protests and a nervous Russia, is Belarus the next Ukraine? - The Hill (blog)

The Trudeau government is extending Canadas military deployment in war-ravaged Ukraine by two more years, a training mission that Russia has previously decried as counterproductive and deplorable.

It comes as the war in eastern Ukraine between Kiev and Russian-backed separatists has escalated, killing more soldiers and civilians and leaving ceasefire agreements in tatters.

The decision by Ottawa to prolong the commitment at the continuing level of 200 troops comes despite past statements by the Liberals about rebooting the relationship with Moscow following poor relations during the Harper era.

Read more: As Russia-U.S. ties strengthen, violence escalates inUkraine

Foreign Affairs Minister Chrystia Freeland and Defence Minister Harjit Sajjan announced the measure Monday.

Asked what message Canada is sending Russia by extending the military mission, Mr. Sajjan replied: We stand by Ukraine.

The defence minister noted that Canada is also preparing to send 450 troops to Latvia as part of a NATO reassurance mission to counter Russian expansionism in the region. Its nearly three years since Moscow seized Ukraines Crimean peninsula and annexed it.

We are sending a very strong message of deterrence, Mr. Sajjan said.

Ukrainian Canadian Congress president Paul Grod applauded the move, calling it a significant gesture of support for Kiev at a time when the fighting in eastern Ukraine has mounted.

He alleged Russia had been pressing the Trudeau government not to prolong the mission.

There was a lot of pressure being put on by the Russian embassy not to do this, Mr. Grod said.

The Ukrainian-Canadian leader said the show of solidarity from Western countries towards Ukraine is a rebuke to Russia.

Why do the Russians care? Its the symbolism that Canada and the United States and Great Britain and some European companies have physical military presence in Ukraine, which Russia views as its sphere of influence and thats why its so offensive to Moscow, he said.

Back in 2015 when the deployment to Ukraine was first announced, the Russian embassy in Canada rejected the mission as unnecessary, saying it would not help in any way the settlement of the internal fratricidal conflict in that country.

Follow Steven Chase on Twitter: @stevenchase

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Liberals extend military mission in Ukraine by two years - The Globe and Mail

Canada to Extend Military Mission in Ukraine Wall Street Journal (subscription) Canada said Monday it plans to extend its military mission in Ukraine by another two years as the country's Liberal government maintains a defiant tone against Russian aggression in the region. Canadian Defense Minister Harjit Sajjan and Foreign ...

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Canada to Extend Military Mission in Ukraine - Wall Street Journal (subscription)

(JTA) Ukrainian Jews protested the attendance at an international symposium on the Holocaust by a state historian who praised a Nazicollaborator whose troops killed Jews.

Eduard Dolinsky, director of the Ukrainian Jewish Committee, last week condemned the planned attendance of Volodymyr Vyatrovych, director of Ukrainian National Memory Institute, at a conference planned forParis this week under the title: Holocaust in Ukraine New Perspectives on the Evils of the 20thCentury.

Vyatrovych, who has been running his state-controlled institution since 2014, is a falsifier and manipulator of historicalfacts who has not only blamed Jews for the Great Famine, but denies the anti-Semitic ideology and practices of the Organization of UkrainianNationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, Dolinsky said in a statement.

Known as OUN and UPA respectively, the two groups fought during the first half of the 20th century against Soviet domination and briefly collaborated with Nazi occupation forces before turning against them. Encouraged by the anti-Semitic vituperations of many of their leaders, UPA troops killed thousands of Jews during the 1940s, according to the Simon Wiesenthal Center.

In an interviewpublished in January in the magazine Novoy Vremya, Vyatrovych named Roman Shukhevych, a former leader of the UPA, as one of five eminent personalities who have changed the course of history, along with Winston Churchill, Johannes Gutenberg, Vaclav Havel and Elon Musk. According to some historians, Shukhevychs wife rescued a Jewish woman during the Holocaust.

According to the Yale University history professor Timothy Snyder, UPA militiamen under Shukhevych were responsible for murdering thousands of ethnic Poles and Jews.

Today,Shukhevych and other Holocaust-era nationalists are reveredin Ukraine as heroes for their opposition to the Soviets. This sentiment became more pronounced following the overthrow in 2014 of former President Viktor Yanukovych in a revolution lead by nationalists who opposed his corruption and perceived subservience to Russia.

The veneration of Nazi collaborators and attempts to equate Nazism with communism have proliferated in Eastern Bloc countries in recent years. In some of these countries, attempt to promote such equivalence serves also to obfuscate popular support and even enthusiasm for the murder of Jews during the Holocaust, according to Efraim Zuroff, the Israel and Eastern Europe director of the Simon Wiesenthal Center.

Last week, the government of Croatia, a country which used to have a collaborationist government under the Nazis, set up a body responsible for issuing recommendations for the legal regulation of the use of the insignia and symbols of non-democratic regimes, language that elsewhere in the region was used inlegislation that banned both Nazi and communist symbols.

In Slovakia, a state-run scientific and cultural institution last month pulled from the interneta 5-minute video it produced arguing that the countrys Jews would have been murdered even without the formation of the Slovak protectorate state of the Nazi collaborator Jozef Tiso. The video, entitled Without March 14 a reference to the date in which that state was established in 1939 promptedvocal objections by anti-fascist groups and several Jewish organizations.

The same institution, Matica Slovensk, has announced plans to release a new video focusing on Soviet atrocities.

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Fan of Nazi collaborator to represent Ukraine at Paris Holocaust symposium - Jewish Telegraphic Agency