The selfie phenomenon is a pervasive part of our culture:    selfie was even Oxford dictionarys word of the year in 2013.    Because of the widespread use of selfies by young people in    social media and digital communication, it is important to    examine the psychology behind the selfie as well as ways mental    health professionals can talk to adolescents and their parents    about these issues.  
    Close-up of a selfie  
    Selfies are often seen as a representation of the narcissistic    stereotype of the millennial generation or even as an indicator    of low self-esteem, social dependence, or attention-seeking    behavior. However, in the context of the digital age, in which    young people are immersed in technology and connecting with one    another via texting or social media, the selfie is perhaps not    always negative.  
    As a way to connect, selfies are often used to share important    experiences and to express feelings at a particular time. It is    not a new phenomenon for people to use photographs to document    experiences or events. However, with smartphone capabilities,    it is now possible to capture a moment spontaneously and to    express mood without having to wave down a passerby to take a    photo. These expressive images can immediately be shared with    social circles via social media. A selfie can be more intimate    than a staged photograph because it captures a moment in time    that is meant to be shared with others. Many adolescents are    trying to develop their sense of identity, experimenting with    different looks and experiences, and deciding how they feel    while sharing with their social circle. Selfies can be an    important part of development within the digital age.  
    Social networking itself has the potential to increase    self-esteem and well-being in adolescents because they receive    positive feedback on their social network profile. It also    gives an opportunity for affiliation, self-expression, and    control over self-presentation.1 Since people    control how they are portrayed in their social network profile,    they are able to increase their self-esteem momentarily while    presenting a positive self-view to others.2 Social    networking can enhance a persons self-esteem and positively    affect his or her well-being, particularly when he or she is    focused on strong ties to other people while browsing social    network pages.1  
    Not all selfies and social media use are benign and without    consequences. In fact, studies have shown that increased social    media use can actually decrease life satisfaction. Researchers    from the University of Michigan found that the more time spent    on Facebook, the worse people felt. Researchers also found that    more direct contact with other people, such as face-to-face    interactions, led people to feel better about themselves over    time.3  
    Researchers from Humboldt University, Berlin, found that    one-third of Facebook users in their study felt worse after    visiting the site, which sparked frustration, jealousy, and    decreased life satisfactionparticularly when viewing others    vacation and holiday photos. Those most vulnerable to these    negative feelings were people who did not post or engage in any    interpersonal Facebook interactions themselves, but who used it    as an information source by browsing newsfeeds and others    profiles.4  
    Sexting  
    Perhaps a key point to healthy selfie and social media use is    establishing and focusing on the digital interactions and    connections made with others, rather than passively browsing    others digital lives. Whether social media use has a positive    or negative effect on self-esteem or life satisfaction can be    debated. However, a clear danger often comes with the private    texting of nude or sexually charged selfies, often referred to    as sexting. When adolescents are caught sending nude selfies    to one another, the issue of child pornography along with    subsequent legal implications arises.  
    As a recent article in The Atlantic, Why Kids Sext,    demonstrates, sexting is prevalent in high school culture.5 A    2009 Cox Communications study showed that 20% of teens reported    having participated in sexting and a study by Pew Internet    and American Life Project found that 15% of teens had received    nude or sexually suggestive photographs on their cell    phones.6,7  
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The Selfie in the Digital Age: From Social Media to Sexting