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La Guerra Civil Finlandesa fue parte del caos social y nacionalista ocasionado en Europa en las postrimeras de la Primera Guerra Mundial. Tuvo lugar en Finlandia, desde el 27 de enero hasta el 15 de mayo de 1918. De un lado se encontraban las fuerzas socialdemcratas, dirigidas por la delegacin popular de Finlandia, comnmente conocidos como rojos (punaiset). De otro lado se encontraban las fuerzas del senado, controladas por los conservadores desde el otoo anterior, que pretendan mantener el statu quo (retener la independencia y la monarqua constitucional sin parlamentarismo). Eran popularmente conocidos como blancos (valkoiset). Los rojos recibieron la ayuda de la Rusia Bolchevique, mientras los blancos fueron apoyados militarmente por el II Imperio Alemn.
Los finlandeses tienen muchos nombres para este conflicto: vapaussota (Guerra de Libertad), kansalaissota or sisllissota (Guerra Civil), luokkasota (Guerra de Clases), punakapina (Rebelin Roja), torpparikapina (rebelin de los minifundistas), veljessota (la guerra entre hermanos) e incluso vallankumous (Revolucin). Los historiadores actuales sealan que todos estos nombres diferentes son igual de vlidos, aunque difieren en sus cargas propagandsticas.
Las revoluciones de febrero y octubre de 1917 precipitaron la derrota y total colapso del Imperio ruso, cuya cada repercuti en la ruptura de la sociedad finesa. Los socialdemcratas y los conservadores compitieron por el liderazgo del estado fins, que bascul de la izquierda a la derecha en 1917. Ambos grupos colaboraron con las fuerzas polticas correspondientes en Rusia, ahondando en la brecha nacional abierta.
Puesto que Finlandia no dispona de ejrcito o polica definidos despus de marzo de 1917, ambos bandos comenzaron a reclutar sus propios grupos de seguridad, lo que llev al surgimiento de dos tropas militares independientes, la Guardia Blanca y la Guardia Roja. Entre los finlandeses se extendi una atmsfera de tensin poltica y miedo, hasta que en enero de 1918 la espiral de violencia condujo al estallido de la contienda.
Los blancos resultaron victoriosos en la consecuente guerra, y pasaron desde la esfera de influencia rusa a la alemana. El senado conservador intent establecer una monarqua finlandesa, con un rey alemn: el prncipe Federico Carlos de Hesse-Kassel, pero tras la derrota alemana en la Gran Guerra, Finlandia emergi como una repblica democrtica independiente.
La guerra civil sigue siendo el evento ms controvertido y emocional en la historia de la Finlandia moderna, y han existido disputas sobre el nombre que deba darse al conflicto. Aproximadamente 37.000 personas murieron durante el conflicto, lo que incluye tanto bajas en el frente como muertes causadas por campaas de terror poltico y un alto ndice de mortandad en los campos de prisioneros. Malogr la economa finlandesa, y dividi el aparato poltico y la nacin finlandesa durante muchos aos. El pas se cohesion lentamente gracias a compromisos por parte de los partidos polticos moderados y concesiones desde la izquierda y la derecha.
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Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
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