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All the Knowledge in the World:The Extraordinary History of the Encyclopaedia

Simon Garfield

Weidenfeld & Nicolson, pp. 352, 18.99

Two thousand years ago, a young Cilician named Oppian, wanting to rehabilitate his disgraced father, decided to write Halieutica, an account of the world of fishes, as a gift for Marcus Aurelius. It was a mixture of possible fact and definite fiction if only there were octopuses that climb trees and fishes that fancy goats and it was a success. His father was forgiven, and the sons written work accepted as authoritative knowledge. In short, although Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia, calls Halieutica a didactic epic, it was an early encyclopaedia a word taken from the Greek enkyklios paideia, meaning knowledge in the round, and which has come to denote a set of books that contains articles that can be cross-referenced, is in alphabetical order and is the authors view of what knowledge needs to be known and what unknowns need to remain unknown.

Simon Garfield does not write about Oppian (I mention him not for one-upmanship but because more people should know about a man who wrote that deer sailed the sea using their horns as sails). But this history of the encyclopaedia (and its future) does not lack for learned gentlemen and their learned books. This is definitely a mans world: in the first Encyclopaedia Britannica the definition of woman was the female of man. See Homo, and things did not much improve until the 20th century.

And so many men: British, German, French, Chinese. Britannica was by no means the first. Garfield makes a convincing case for the encyclopaedic status of works by Pliny (who believed menstruating women can expel insects from the trees), Gervase of Tilbury, Isidore of Seville and (delightfully) a Herr Franckenstein, whose detailed medical entries instructed any prospective amputators of arms that the time needed for sawing through forearm bones was about the same needed to say the Lords Prayer. All had ambition to encircle knowledge and transmit it to others, for the common good and for profit. All had elements of what Garfield calls the vast commitment required to make those volumes an astonishing energy force and the belief that such a thing will be worthwhile. Those who bought them did so in the hope of purchasing perennial value.

And what value, sometimes. Britannica was founded in 1768 in Edinburgh, and its first compilers were not necessarily experts. Andrew Bell was an engraver with an unfeasibly large nose and William Smellie an ex-priest and polymath. The entries were in alphabetic order, a controversial decision that became the standard. The first volume covered Aa to Bzo, a town of Africa, in the kingdom of Morocco. Expert contributions came from filleting published books, a common practice. See Plagiary in Ephraim Chamberss encyclopaedia of 1710, in which Chambers wrote that he could not be accused of author theft because what they take from others they do it avowedly, and in the open sun. In effect, their quality gives them a title to everything that may be for their purpose, wherever they find it.

Denis Diderots Encyclopdie, published between 1751 and 1772, instead had original writing from Voltaire (Elegance, History, Taste and others) and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, whose entry on political economy should be required reading for our current government: It is one of the most important concerns of government to prevent the extreme inequality of fortunes... not by building hospitals for the poor but by guaranteeing that the citizens will not become poor.

An encyclopaedia was meant as reference, but also to be savoured. The 11th edition of Britannica (1929) featured Cecil B. DeMille on motion pictures and J.B. Priestley on English literature. It was, wrote Denis Boyles, plausible, reasonable, unruffled, often reserved and completely authoritative. And sometimes plain wrong. Garfield reaps many pages out of the unsavoury views of the past, from awful entries on negroes and Hitler and homosexuality, even while believing that scholarship of any era is still scholarship. It is valuable to know what 1819 knew about Egypt, and what 1824 understood about James Watt.

Sometimes the book drags, weighed down by the encyclopaedic bounty. Turn the page and my heart sinks to find yet another set of learned gentlemen compiling yet another set of clever books. I think back to the entry of Abridgement in the first Britannica, written by the polymath Smellie, who attended many lectures. He wrote: The art of conveying much sentiment in a few words is the happiest talent an author can be possessed of; and abridging is particularly useful in taking the substance of what is delivered by professors. Or authors attempting to be encyclopaedic about encyclopaedias. (Garfield states early on that this is not his intention; he will write only about those he judges most significant or interesting, or indicative of a turning point in how we view the world.) Perhaps, then, this is a book to be used like an encyclopaedia: to be put down but always picked up again. To be read with pleasure, but not all at once.

Because it is a pleasure. Garfield writes fluidly, cheerily and charmingly, even while the breeziness does not detract from the scale of his ambition: to understand nothing less than humans need for knowledge and how to convey and preserve it. When is knowledge a factoid? Who gets to be the gatekeeper? Who, in the words of Arthur Mee, the editor of the Childrens Encyclopaedia, is holding up the stars?

Garfields love for Wikipedia, dismissed by snobs but used by us all, is surprising but heartfelt. He believes in the democracy of input, and that errors are usually righted and that Wikipedias gatekeeping works. (He also believes that people cant edit their own entries, but I corrected mine with no trouble, as it said I was American and I cant have that.)

Wikipedia is now the way of all knowledge and the printed encyclopaedia is doomed by its very structure. It can never know it all or show enough of what it knows. It cant hope to keep up with important developments in the world, nor take back what it said about Hitler or slavery. Endless editions, salesmen crisscrossing America selling expensive sets none can compare with the speed of the click. Even so, Garfield concludes, there is still a place for Slow Books. A fine encyclopaedia will stand you in good stead like an old wristwatch: its timing may be out, and sometimes it may not work at all, but its mechanics will always intrigue.

Link:
An old Encyclopaedia Britannica is a work to cherish - The Spectator