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Jake Aldridge - Moonlight - Official - feat Derrell Ballard-Levy
Out Now on ITUNES - https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/moonlight-feat.-derrell-ballard/id700849849 Jake Aldridge - Moonlight - Produced By Sam Hadfield feat...
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Social Networking for Business West Palm Beach Florida Call 561-822-9931 - Video
Social Networking The Islamic Perspective Mufti Menk
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Social Networking The Islamic Perspective Mufti Menk - Video
Immune system seems to remember cancer in people who've never had it
By Jessica Shugart
Web edition: September 23, 2013
Echoes of past encounters with leukemia flow through the veins of people who have never suffered from the disease, a study suggests. The immune systems of cancer-free people may have gathered antileukemia forces by mounting preemptive strikes against cells that were on their way to becoming cancerous. Leukemia patients, on the other hand, carry meager signs of resistance.
Perhaps weve all had a bit of precancerous disease, says immunologist Mark Cobbold of the University of Birmingham in England, who led the study with Birmingham colleague Hugo De La Pea. Just as immune cells reflect a persons history of viral infections, the fingerprint of cancer exposures could lie there as well, Cobbold says.
After an encounter with any pathogen, a fraction of immune cells that fought in the battle stick around, lying in wait for the next attack. Cobbold, De La Pea and their colleagues found in healthy people killer immune cells that appeared to have been scent-trained on cancer cells. And the scientists identified the scent as well: a family of peptides, or small fragments of proteins, that coat the surfaces of cancer cells.
The peptides come from proteins inside the cell signposts that killer cells called T cells normally use to sniff out virus-infected cells. The cancer peptides were adorned with chemical modifications called phosphate groups. The addition of phosphate groups to proteins communicates signals that control cell growth and survival. But cancer cells switch this process into overdrive, says De La Pea. The cancer cell needs this crazy phosphorylation to become malignant, he says. And this is exactly what the immune system sees.
The team identified 95 of these phosphopeptides on the surfaces of malignant cells taken from patients with leukemia. Sixty-one of the peptides appeared only on cancer cells and not on normal ones, the researchers report in the Sept. 18 Science Translational Medicine.
Then the team extracted T cells from 26 leukemia patients: 14 with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and 12 with acute myeloid leukemia, a more aggressive form of the disease. While healthy volunteers all harbored T cells that recognized the cancer phosphopeptides, only five patients with the milder leukemia did, as did two patients with acute myeloid leukemia. The researchers found that the T cells bore proteins that marked them as memory cells, indicating that the cells had encountered the phosphopeptides perhaps on cancerous cells before.
The reasons some people lack this immunity to the phosphopeptides are unclear, but the researchers speculate that those people may have had the cancer-specific killer cells and then lost them as the immune system waned with age. Or perhaps some peoples immune cells never mounted a response in the first place.
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Killer cells trained on leukemia may protect some people
Sending and receiving large files: It's something we all need to do. Even cloud storage services like Dropbox and Google Drive can't replace the convenience of a quick email. But email poses problems, starting with the strict limits that many ISPs impose on the size of file sent or received. To get the file size down without losing important data, you zip it with compression software.
If you're willing to fork over some cash, you can opt for a commercial compression application, such as WinZip or WinRAR. But each sells for about $30. Luckily, these paid applications aren't your only options when it comes to compression tools. There are some fantastic free alternatives out there. Some are even open source.
To compare these free alternatives to their commercial cousins, I created a 30MB folder full of PDF files and compressed it with each program. Doing so with WinZip created a 26MB folderstill too big for most email services. WinRAR fared better, compressing the folder down to an impressive 14.3MB, which would get those files through anything but the most draconian mail restrictions.
Now let's see how the free alternatives fare.
7-Zip
7-Zip is a well-known open-source alternative to paid compression software. It has earned a large user base, despite its plain (almost dull) interface because it works welland for most people, that's more than enough to make up for bland design.
Although it can use the standard .zip format, 7-Zip touts its own compression format, 7Z, which makes smaller archives. 7-Zip shrank my 30MB folder down to 25.8MB when I opted for the zip format, but compressed that same folder down to 22.1MB in 7Z.
7-Zip offers strong encryption, which includes password-protecting the actual files as well as encrypting the file names. It also integrates into the Windows Explorer right-click menu, so you can immediately compressany file with a click of the mouse. There's even a command line version for those who are more at home in the Windows command box.
The downside is the wait time for this relatively small boost: Compressing the folder into a 7Z file took well over two minutes, versus 15 seconds for compressing to ZIP.
PeaZip
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5 free compression tools zip your files just dandy