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Kumba Mela: Indian Hindu Sadhus or holy men line up as they join a procession that will take them to the waters of the Sangham for a dip during the Kumbh Mela in Allahabad. Photo: AFP/Sanjay Kanojia Source: AFP

MILLIONS of Hindu pilgrims have gathered beside the river Ganges to bathe and celebrate during the gigantic Kumba Mela festival, held every 12 years.

The Maha Kumbh Mela, believed to be the largest religious gathering on Earth, is held every 12 years on the banks of Sangam, the confluence of the holy rivers Ganga, Yamuna and the mythical Saraswati.

Kumba Mela: Indian Sadhu or holy man shows off his long dreds during the Kumbh Mela in Allahabad. Photo: AFP/Sanjay Kanojia

The Kumbh Mela alternates between the cities of Nasik, Allahabad, Ujjain and Haridwar every three years.

Kumbh Mela: Hindu devotees bathe in the waters of the holy Ganges river during the auspicious royal bathing day of Makar Sankranti, the start of the Maha Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, India. Photo: Daniel Berehulak/Getty Images

Kumbh Mela: Hindu devotees bathe in the waters of the holy Ganges river during the auspicious royal bathing day of Makar Sankranti, the start of the Maha Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, India. Photo: Daniel Berehulak/Getty Images

Simon Crerar is News Limited's Visual Story Editor, follow him at twitter.com/simoncrerar

Kumbh Mela: Hindu devotees bathe in the waters of the holy Ganges river during the auspicious royal bathing day of Makar Sankranti, the start of the Maha Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, India. Photo: Daniel Berehulak/Getty Images

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100m devotees at world's largest festival

A city is a relatively large and permanent settlement. Although there is no agreement on how a city is distinguished from a town within general English language meanings, many cities have a particular administrative, legal, or historical status based on local law.

For example, in the American state of Massachusetts an article of incorporation approved by the local state legislature distinguishes a city government from a town. In the United Kingdom and parts of the Commonwealth of Nations, a city is usually a settlement with a royal charter. Historically, in Europe, a city was understood to be an urban settlement with a cathedral. This distinction also applies in England (but not to the entire United Kingdom), where the presence of a cathedral church distinguishes a 'city' from a 'town' (which has a parish church).

Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, and transportation. The concentration of development greatly facilitates interaction between people and businesses, benefiting both parties in the process. A big city or metropolis usually has associated suburbs and exurbs. Such cities are usually associated with metropolitan areas and urban areas, creating numerous business commuters traveling to urban centers for employment. Once a city expands far enough to reach another city, this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis.

According to Vere Gordon Childe, for a settlement to qualify as a city, it must have enough surplus of raw materials to support trade and a relatively large population. Bairoch points out that, due to sparse population densities that would have persisted in pre-Neolithic, hunter-gatherer societies, the amount of land that would be required to produce enough food for subsistence and trade for a large population would make it impossible to control the flow of trade. To illustrate this point, Bairoch offers an example: "Western Europe during the pre-Neolithic, [where] the density must have been less than 0.1 person per square kilometer". Using this population density as a base for calculation, and allotting 10% of food towards surplus for trade and assuming that city dwellers do no farming, he calculates that "in order to maintain a city with a population of 1,000, and without taking the cost of transportation into account, an area of 100,000 square kilometers would have been required. When the cost of transportation is taken into account, the figure rises to 200,000 square kilometers...". Bairoch noted that this is roughly the size of Great Britain.

:(1) O = s^2, where O is the output (area protected) and s stands for the length of a side. This equation shows that output is proportional to the square of the length of a side.

The inputs depend on the length of the perimeter:

:(2) I = 4s, where I stands for the quantity of inputs. This equation shows that the perimeter is proportional to the length of a side.

So there are increasing returns to scale:

:(3) O = I^2/16. This equation (solving for s in (1) and substituting in (2)) shows that with twice the inputs, you produce quadruple the output.

Also, economies of scale:

Link:
Pneumonia top killer in Davao

Topics: flu, golden globes, h2n3 virus, health, hugh jackman, illness, usa

HE SAID he was too happy to think about his flu symptoms when he accepted an award at Monday's Golden Globes, but it seems the strain of virus Aussie star Hugh Jackman has been struck down with was nothing to joke about.

Health experts have warned a killer strain of flu, which has swept the US west coast and was reportedly to blame for Jackman being under the weather at the gala ceremony, is headed to Australia.

Already, 20 children have died in the US after contracting the H2N3 virus.

Last year, a killer flu strain claimed the lives of three people in the NSW Hunter region within a week.

Aged homes went into lock-down and hospitals were inundated with cases.

According to News.com, vaccine shortages are to blame for the US crisis.

Free flu vaccines are offered in Australia to the most vulnerable including all people aged 65 years and older, pregnant women, people with chronic illness, and all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders aged 15 years and older.

Flu symptoms can include fever and chills, cough, sore throat, clocked nose, muscle aches, joint pains, headache and fatigue.

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Jackman's illness no joke with killer flu en route to Aus

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