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To combat fraudulent sales of low-aged ginseng disguised as high-aged ginseng, scientists from Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine in China, developed machine learning (ML) models to predict the ages of ginseng samples. Their work was published in the Journal of Separation Science (1).

The study aims to differentiate mountain-cultivated ginseng by age. Ginseng has been studied for its multiple health benefits, including boosting the immune system and fighting conditions like colds, flu, and cancer. Mountain-cultivated ginseng is usually harvested after 10 years and can produce more berries and seeds than wild ginseng plants, or ginseng plants harvested after 15 years. This difference has led to issues in the ginseng market, with some fraudulently selling low-aged cultivated ginseng and disguising it as high-aged.

For this experiment, 98 ginseng samples were analyzed using liquid chromatographymass spectrometry (LCMS), with multivariate statistical analysis used to identify patterns between samples and influential components. ML models were also created to assist in this process. Untargeted metabolomic analysis divided samples that were between 420 years into three age groups, with 22 age-dependent biomarkers discovered to differentiate between said age groups.

From there, three more ML models were made to predict new samples, which eventually led to an optimal model being selected. According to the scientists, Some biomarkers could determine age phases according to the differentiation of mountain-cultivated ginseng samples (1). The biomarkers were later analyzed for potential variation trends.

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Machine Learning Models Help Researchers Predict the Ages of ... - LCGC Chromatography Online

A group from Bloomington, Indiana takes a tour of the Stanford University d.school in November 2022. Courtesy Alain Barker.

In this week's Around Town column, read about siblings reuniting, an electricity milestone and a Stanford student's book deal.

STARR STRUCK ... Palo Alto and its newest sibling city, Bloomington, Indiana, have many things and people in common: Tara VanDerveer, Stanford University's legendary women's basketball coach who hooped it up for Indiana University as a student; the renowned physicist Douglas Hofstadter, who took the opposite route and graduated from Stanford before becoming a professor at Indiana University; and Palo Alto City Council member Vicki Veenker, a former Hoosier who spearheaded the "sibling city" program that brought the two cities together. Earlier this fall, Veenker moderated an author talk with Hofstadter that took place in Bloomington and was simulcast at both cities. At one point, Hofstadter was asked by an audience member about how to maintain humility while moving into the future. He responded by making the case for humanities education, which he suggested fosters international unity and humility. He lamented the recent cuts to humanities departments in universities across America and the renewed emphasis by colleges on STEM (science, technology, engineering, math) courses. He argued that the country should be trying to instead preserve LAMP, an acronym he coined that includes literature, art, music and philosophy. "That should be what we should be trying to preserve," he said during the Sept. 7 event. "STEM is dehumanizing in many ways." The next joint event took place this Sunday, Nov. 12, and focused on the topics of race and belonging. The conversation focused on another person that the two cities have in common: former Stanford University president and notorious eugenicist David Starr Jordan, whose name was struck from a Palo Alto middle school and replaced with Frank S. Greene. "Both communities faced similar issues dealing with the legacy of David Starr Jordan and the renaming process," Veenker said.

A new all-electric heating, ventilation and air conditioning unit is lifted by a crane during its installation process on the rooftop of the Peninsula Conservation Center in Palo Alto on Jan. 25, 2023. Photo by Magali Gauthier.

OUT OF GAS ... For decades, the Peninsula Conservation Center has been known mostly for the eco-conscious nonprofits that fill its spaces, a list that currently includes (among others) Canopy, Acterra, and the Sierra Club Loma Prieta Chapter. Now, the building itself is taking on some of its tenants' personality. On Nov. 2, Mayor Lydia Kou came by the center at 3921 East Bayshore Road to help the nonprofits ceremonially flip the "off" switch on natural gas. The move came shortly after the 53-year-old center replaced its traditional gas-fired space heaters with Bryant heat pumps, making it the first existing commercial building to achieve this conversion to all-electric infrastructure, according to Phil Bobel, who serves as vice chair at the Peninsula Conservation Center board. (Several buildings in Palo Alto, including the headquarters of the Weekly's parent company at 450 Cambridge Ave., have been all-electric since their inception.) The center is not done with adding environmentally friendly infrastructure, Bobel said. Next on the list: replacing two older electric-vehicle charger ports with six more modern ports. He noted that a city of Palo Alto rebate program will fund about half of the $85,000 project.

FROM NEWSROOM TO PRINTING PRESS ... When former Stanford University President Marc Tessier-Lavigne stepped down earlier this year, it was then-Stanford freshman Theo Baker who was partially behind it. Baker wrote a series of stories for the Stanford Daily, the school's student newspaper, calling into question the validity of research that Tessier-Lavigne did prior to becoming president at Stanford. But now, the youngest-ever George Polk Award winner is on track to publish a book about his experiences, according to Page Six. Baker, whose parents are Susan Glasser, a staff writer at the New Yorker, and Peter Baker, the chief White House correspondent for the New York Times, signed the book deal with Penguin Press according to Page Six. Baker's book will be titled "How to Rule the World: Yacht Parties, Culture Wars and the Downfall of a President at Stanford," according to Deadline. Warner Bros and producer Amy Pascal who has also produced several Spider-Man movies won the rights to the book, Deadline also reported.

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Around Town: siblings reunite, an electricity milestone and a ... - Palo Alto Online

Kansas showed the way.

A year ago in August, the Sunflower State stunned the nation by voting down a proposed constitutional amendment that would have allowed the Legislature to ban abortion. A year ago this month, voters in this Republican-dominated state re-elected Democrat Laura Kelly to her second term as governor. In both cases, we offered a preview of 2023s elections, in which Ohio voters enshrined the right to reproductive health care in their state constitution and Democratic Gov. Andy Beshear was re-elected to lead Kentucky.

As famed Emporia editor William Allen White wrote back in 1922: When anything is going to happen in this country, it happens first in Kansas.

Ive often noted that even the reddest states contain an incredible diversity of political opinion. Heck, 42% of Kansans voted for Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election, the largest percentage support for a Democratic presidential candidate here since Michael Dukakis in 1988.

Across the country, folks support the right of women to make their own reproductive health choices. Weve now seen voters in a staggering seven states turn out to make that very clear. Similarly, folks will vote for leaders who support mainstream, old-school values such as strong public education, affordable health care and an economy that benefits everyone, not just the wealthy. That means that centrist Democrats such as Kelly and Beshear rack up victories.

National pundits might want to beware, though.

You can read already hot takes about this weeks elections that suggest these high-profile wins (along with Democratic victories in the Virginia legislature) mean that Democrats should fret less about President Joe Bidens 2024 prospects. The party can cheer another string of victories as it chugs toward the title bout.

Democrats should still worry. Recent polling from the New York Times and CNN suggests Biden would lost against former President Donald Trump if their rematch were held today. Trump, as he never fails to remind us, has only ever had a loose affiliation with the Republican Party. Hes been careful to distance himself from extreme anti-abortion advocates. And for better or worse, the public appears to recall his four shambolic years in office through the rosy lenses of nostalgia.

Abortion-rights victories in red states don't prove their deep, abiding love for Nancy Pelosi. They instead demonstrate that, when voters can separate the issue from candidates and culture wars, they support a long-established constitutional right.

As I also wrote last year, abortion-rights victories in red states dont prove their deep, abiding love for Nancy Pelosi. They instead demonstrate that, when voters can separate the issue from candidates and culture wars, they support a long-established constitutional right.

Similarly, Kellys wins in Kansas show how one politicians determination to plot a low-key, moderate path can reap dividends. Important to understand, yes, but not earth-shattering.

When you go out to rural Kansas, they are not talking about all of the divisive social issues, Kelly told Politico last week. Whats on their mind is are you going to fund my schools? Or are you going to build my roads, fix my roads?

Before we wrap today, I would like to note that far-right conservative candidates appear to have fallen short in Johnson County and Baldwin City school board races. According to the Game on for Kansas Schools group, It was a very good election (though not perfect) for traditional candidates and a very bad election for extremists across the state.

Can we now finally put to rest the ridiculous idea that a vast majority of Kansans are clamoring for drastic changes to their public schools?

Far-right ideologues see public education as a Trojan Horse to inject their poisonous ideas into mainstream discourse. They want schools to stop teaching about the pernicious effects of racism and the fact that LGBTQ people exist. They want to install a statewide voucher program that would destroy K-12 education as we know it.

Kansans dont want that. They dont agree with that. Their votes on Tuesday proved it.

If state politicians do anything in regard to our schools, they ought to fully fund them and finally spend the required amount on special education services. The public doesnt want dramatic change; it wants elected officials who will do their jobs and make this a better state.

Nationally, I think thats the message voters sent as well. Most of us find our lives generally acceptable. No one enjoyed the pandemic, and the subsequent inflation didnt help. Yet when it comes to our families and friends, our neighborhoods and communities, we dont want disruption or turmoil. We want officials who will fix the problems that arise, steer us through any unexpected turbulence, and otherwise avoid messy drama.

They can manage that, right? Right?

Clay Wirestone is Kansas Reflector opinion editor. Through its opinion section, Kansas Reflector works to amplify the voices of people who are affected by public policies or excluded from public debate. Find information, including how to submit your own commentary, here.

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Last year's Kansas elections previewed results this year. Voters ... - Kansas Reflector

Last fall, the artist and musician Holly Herndon visited Torreciudad, a shrine to the Virgin Mary associated with the controversial Catholic group Opus Dei, in Aragn, Spain. The sanctuary, built in the nineteen-seventies, sits on a cliff overlooking an inviting blue reservoir, in a remote area just south of the Pyrenees. Herndon and her husband, Mathew Dryhurst, had been on a short vacation in the mountains nearby. They were particularly taken with an exhibit of Virgin Mary iconography from around the world: a faceless, abstract stone carving from Cameroon; a pale, blue-eyed statuette from Ecuador; a Black Mary from Senegal, dressed in an ornate gown of blue and gold. Moving from art work to art work, the couple discussed Marys embedding. In machine learning, embeddings distill data down to concepts. They are what enable generative A.I. systems to process prompts such as Cubist painting of a tabby cat, wearing a hot-dog costume and eating a hot dog or country-club application, as a sestina. At Torreciudad, the sculptures and paintings on display all had aesthetic and material differences, yet there was something consistentineffable but essentialthat made the art works legible depictions of the same figure.

Around this time, Herndon and Dryhurst, who is also her primary collaborator, had been experimenting with the embedding of Holly Herndon in the data used to train text-to-image generators such as Dall-E and Stable Diffusion. Herndon, who is forty-three, has sea-glass-blue eyes, a round, pale face, and persimmon-colored hair; she tends to style it with bangs, a short bob in front, and a long braid in the back. The embedding of the Virgin Mary might be reduced to something involving her posture, gaze, and infant son; Herndons embedding is tied to her distinctive look. In 2021, she and Dryhurst began working on a series of computer-generated images, grouped under the title CLASSIFIED, that explored her embedding in an artificial neural network created by OpenAI. Though some of the art works are unsettling portraits of Herndonesque women rendered in the style of an oil painting, many are more playful: x|o40, which used the prompt A building that looks like Holly Herndon, shows a stately white structure with brick-red bangs, two porthole windows, and pursed pink lips; x | o 41 depicts a figure with buggy blue eyes and a red braid which could be fan art for The Simpsons. My identity in models is determined by aggregate cliches scraped from the web, Herndon recently tweeted. Im mostly a haircut!

Herndon is perhaps best known for her experimental electronic music, and for an art practice that spans the art world, academia, and the tech industry. She has performed and shown work at the Guggenheim, the Pompidou, and the Kunstverein in Hamburg; next year, she and Dryhurst have an exhibition at the Serpentine, in London, and will be part of a prestigious group show this spring in New York. (When asked if the group show was the kind that happened only biennially, Herndon declined to elaborate.) In recent years, she and Dryhurst have also fought for artists self-determination in the era of A.I. I always felt they were so far ahead of everybody else, Hans Ulrich Obrist, the artistic director of the Serpentine, said. They really think about what it does to the whole ecosystem: the artistic, the technical, the social, the economic aspects of these technologies.

Since 2020, Herndon and Dryhurst have been refining Holly+, a machine-learning model trained on Herndons voice. They refer to the model as a digital twin and a vocal deepfake, and see it as an experiment in decentralizing control of Herndons public identity. Ive never really fetishized my voice, Herndon told me. I always thought my voice was an input, like a signal input into a laptop. Holly+ can use a timbre-transfer machine-learning model to translate any audio filea chorus, a tuba, a screeching traininto Herndons voice. It can also be used in real time or be fed a score and lyrics: last year, Herndon gave a TED talk that opened with a recording of Holly+ singing an arrangement by Maria Arnal, a Catalan musician. It was a performance Herndon could never do. These beautiful, melismatic runsyou have to study that stuff for years, she said. (She also does not speak Catalan.) Several months later, Herndon released a track in which Holly+ covers Jolene, by Dolly Parton. Its glitchy, with oddly placed breaths and slurred phrases, and is weirdly compelling. A free version of Holly+ is available online. When I uploaded a clip of sea lions barking, it returned a grunting, stuttering, portentous motet.

Holly+ represents the future that Herndon and Dryhurst anticipate for music, art, and literature: a world of infinite media, in which anyone can adjust, adapt, or iterate on the work, talents, and traits of others. The two refer to the process of generating new media this way as spawningan act they distinguish from well-known forms of allusion such as sampling, pastiche, collage, and homage. When a d.j. samples an audio clip from another artist, the clip is copied, then recontextualized. Neural networks, on the other hand, dont reproduce their training data but represent its internal logicsomething like a style, a mood, or a vibe. Herndon uses the phrase identity playa pun of sorts on I.P.to describe the act of allowing other people to use her voice. What if people were performing through me, on tour? she said. Kind of like body swapping, or identity swapping. I think that sounds exciting. Decisions about what to do with Holly+ are made by a decentralized autonomous organizationa sort of coperative group of digital stewards. (Herndon retains a veto.) The musician Caroline Polachek told me, I see it as an inevitability that voice modelling will be outside of artists control, that people will eventually be able to use my voice with or without my consent. Holly specifically has woken up a lot of the art and music community to this window of time we have, to determine what we want to do with that.

Essentially a dress shoe, but you could run for your life in them.

Cartoon by Edward Frascino

In conversation, Dryhurst described Holly+ as an abstracted fork of Herndons identityin open-source-software development, forking is the act of copying source code and then changing it. Herndon alternated between calling it my voice and the voice. Its not like you dont have a relationship with that version of you, she told me. Its still an emotional connection, but its not you. Public identities already take on lives of their own, the couple noted; most of the publicly available images of Herndon, which CLASSIFIED drew from, are press photos. Years ago, while experimenting with machine-learning software, she and Dryhurst realized that all existing media could be used to train A.I. systems, an idea that now informs their art practice. As soon as something is machine-legible, its part of a training canon, Herndon told me. And thats very radicalizing.

We were sitting outside their bedroom in Berlin, in a white-walled apartment so spacious, high-ceilinged, and affordable that it felt almost like a slight. Their infant son, Link, played quietly with a babysitter in the living room. A large print by the artist Trevor Paglen, titled Tornado (Corpus: Spheres of Hell) Adversarially Evolved Hallucination, hung over the couch; it depicted a neural networks concept of a tornado. In the bedroom, previously Herndons music studio, large white acoustic panels hung from the walls and ceiling, framing a low, unmade bed and a small bookcaseMark Fisher, Michel Houellebecq, Baby-Led Weaning. A towering dieffenbachia plant, inherited from an elderly neighbor who had recently died, slouched against the doorframe. Dryhurst, who is thirty-nine, bald, and bespectacled, offered to demonstrate Holly+. See if it sounds the same with speech, Herndon, who was wearing white overalls, instructed. Dryhurst picked up a microphone, and chatted for a moment; Holly+, processing his voicehe has an English accentsounded drunk and a little congested. Its optimized for singing, Herndon said, laughing. Dryhurst sang a sequence of notes. After a tiny lag, Holly+ began to harmonize with him, and then the real Herndon joined in. The choral effect was pleasant, if chaotic. Shes definitely a better singer than I am, Herndon said.

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Holly Herndon's Infinite Art - The New Yorker

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A novel method for identifying key genes in macroevolution based ... - Nature.com