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1 Population Council, United Nations Population Award to Indira Gandhi and Qian Xinzhong, Population and Development Review 9, no. 4 (December 1983): 74753.

2 U.S. Funding for the U.N. Population Fund: The Effect on Womens Lives: Hearing before the Subcommittee on International Operations and Terrorism of the Committee on Foreign Relations, 107th Cong. (2002) (statement of Nicholas Eberstadt, Henry Wendt Chair in Political Economy at the American Enterprise Institute).

3 Bernard D. Nossiter, Population Prizes from U.N. Assailed, New York Times, July 24, 1983.

4 Population Council, United Nations Population Award, p. 751.

5 Tom Elliott (@tomselliott), Jane Goodall @ Davos: All these [environmental] things we talk about wouldnt be a problem if there was the size of population that there was 500 years ago. The world population 500 years ago is estimated btwn 420 and 540 million6.7 billion fewer people than today, Twitter, January 24, 2020, 8:13 a.m., https://twitter.com/tomselliott/status/1220696092532187136.

6 His Royal Highness the Duke of Sussex, Forces for Change: HRH the Duke of Sussex Interviews Dr Jane Goodall for the September Issue, Vogue, July 30, 2019.

7 Chris Perez, Bill Nye: Should We Penalize Parents for Having Extra Kids?, New York Post, April 26, 2017.

8 Ian Schwartz, Maher: Falling Birth Rates Are a Good Thing; World Is Too Crowded, Real Clear Politics, April 13, 2019.

9 Travis Rieder, Science Proves Kids Are Bad for Earth. Morality Suggests We Stop Having Them, NBC News Think, November 15, 2017; and Todd May, Would Human Extinction Be a Tragedy?, New York Times, December 17, 2018.

10 Why Having Kids Is the Worst Thing You Can Do for the Planet, Fast Company, April 10, 2019, video, 4:00.

11 Julia Manchester, Sanders Under Fire for Remarks on Population Control, The Hill, September 5, 2019.

12 Nicole Goodkind, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez Asks: Is It Still OK to Have Kids in Face of Climate Change?, Newsweek, February 25, 2019.

13 Joe Biden, Remarks by the Vice President at Sichuan University (speech, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, August 21, 2011).

14 William J. Ripple et al., World Scientists Warning of a Climate Emergency, BioScience 70, no. 1 (January 2020): 812.

15 Ed Markey (@SenMarkey), 11,258 scientists are sounding the alarm: we are in a climate emergency. And not just climate scientists. Biologists, ecologists, & more. The crisis touches every aspect of our lives. So must the solution. Thats why we need a #GreenNewDeal to fundamentally transform our society, Twitter, November 6, 2019, 9:42 a.m., https://twitter.com/SenMarkey/status/1192089825798737920; Bernie Sanders (@SenSanders), 11,258 scientists from 153 countries came together to say: Scientists have a moral obligation to clearly warn humanity of any catastrophic threat and tell it like it is. Its time we listen. Congress must declare a climate emergency and act boldly to protect our only home, Twitter, November 5, 2019, 3:41 p.m., https://twitter.com/SenSanders/status/1191817868930932739; Chris Van Hollen (@ChrisVanHollen), 11,258 scientists in 153 countries are raising the alarm about the biggest existential threat to our planet: climate change. I share their view that weve failed to address this emergency. The GOP must stop listening to fossil fuel lobbyists and start listening to scientists, Twitter, November 6, 2019, 5:21 p.m., https://twitter.com/ChrisVanHollen/status/1192205406904496131; Susie Lee (@RepSusieLee), 11,258 scientists from 153 countries say that our planet clearly and unequivocally faces a climate emergency. When they say emergency, they mean it. We need to act now, Twitter, November 5, 2019, 4:00 p.m., https://twitter.com/RepSusieLee/status/1191822495172579328; and Jimmy Gomez (@RepJimmyGomez), 11,258 scientists from 153 countries are NOT messing around: We are in a full-blown #ClimateEmergency. Its past time for @realDonaldTrump & the @GOP to get on the same page as the rest of the world & realize we NEED to #ActOnClimate to protect our planet for future generations, Twitter, November 7, 2019, 2:28 p.m., https://twitter.com/RepJimmyGomez/status/1192524159122698240.

16 Andrew McAfee, More from Less: The Surprising Story of How We Learned to Prosper Using Fewer Resourcesand What Happens Next (New York: Scribner, 2019); Ronald Bailey, The End of Doom: Environmental Renewal in the Twenty-first Century (New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2015); Nicholas Eberstadt, The Human Population Unbound, Current History 113, no. 759 (2014): 4346; and David Osterfeld, Prosperity versus Planning: How Government Stifles Economic Growth (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), pp. 104138.

17 Julian L. Simon, The Ultimate Resource (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981).

18 See, for example, Gale L. Pooley and Marian L. Tupy, The Simon Abundance Index: A New Way to Measure Availability of Resources, Cato Institute Policy Analysis no. 857, December 4, 2018.

19 Fertility Rate, Total (Births per Woman)Sub-Saharan Africa, World Bank.

20 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2019 Revision of World Population Prospects.

21 Armenia and Azerbaijan have the worlds second and third most imbalanced sex ratios. Sex-selective abortion is common in both of those countries because of a strong cultural preference for sons, showing that sex-selective abortion can become widespread even without government policies limiting childbearing. See How Chinas One-Child Policy Led to Forced Abortions, 30 Million Bachelors, NPR, February 1, 2016.

22 Mara Hvistendahl, Unnatural Selection: Choosing Boys over Girls, and the Consequences of a World Full of Men (New York: Public Affairs, 2012), p. 6.

23 Sex Ratio, Health Situation and Trend Assessment, World Health Organization.

24 Thomas Robert Malthus, Of the Consequences of Pursuing the Opposite Mode: Book IV, Chapter V, in An Essay on the Principle of Population (London: John Murray, 1826), http://www.econlib.org/library/Malthus/malPlong.html?chapter_num=47#book-reader.

25 The Supreme Court Ruling That Led to 70,000 Forced Sterilizations, NPR, March 7, 2016.

26 Adolf Hitler, for example, became obsessed with the Malthusian idea that available resources limit population and thereby justified military expansionism. See Ken McCormick Madmen in Authority: Adolf Hitler and the Malthusian Population Thesis, Journal of Economic Insight 32, no. 2 (2006): 18; see also Hitlers words from Mein Kampf: The annual increase of population in Germany amounts to almost 900,000 souls. The difficulties of providing for this army of new citizens must grow from year to year and must finally lead to a catastrophe, unless ways and means are found which will forestall the danger of misery and hunger, as quoted in Bryan Caplan, Hitlers Argument for Conquest, EconLog, March 19, 2005; and Matthew Connelly, Fatal Misconception: The Struggle to Control World Population (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), p. 84.

27 Margaret Sanger, The Goal, in Woman and the New Race (New York: Brentanos, 1920).

28 Emphasis added. Margaret Sanger, The Humanity of Family Planning (speech, Third International Conference on Planned Parenthood, Bombay [Mumbai], India, November 26, 1952).

29 Quoted in Mike Gallagher, Population Control: Is it a Tool of the Rich?, BBC, October 28, 2011.

30 Quoted in Betsy Hartmann, Reproductive Rights and Wrongs (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 1995 and 2016), p. 100.

31 For example, see Lyndon Johnsons remarks in Annual Message to the Congress on the State of the Union, 1 Pub. Papers 3 (January 12, 1966): I recommend that you give a new and daring direction to our foreign aid program . . . to help those nations that are trying to control population growth; and Remarks in Independence, Mo., at a Ceremony in Connection with the Establishment of the Harry S. Truman Center for the Advancement of Peace, 1 Pub. Papers 42 (January 20, 1966): The hungry world cannot be fed until and unless the growth in its resources and the growth in its population come into balance. . . . We will give our help and our support to nations which . . . ensure an effective balance between the numbers of their people and the food they have to eat; and in 1966, Johnson signed the Food for Peace Act, which required United States Agency for International Development officers to pressure the governments of famine-stricken countries to take steps to reduce their population in exchange for food aid, Hvistendahl, Unnatural Selection, p. 33.

32 Hartmann, Reproductive Rights and Wrongs, p. 1012.

33 Paul Wagman, U.S. Goal: Sterilizations of Millions of Worlds Women, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 22, 1977.

34 Hartmann, Reproductive Rights and Wrongs, pp. 57, 118.

35 Paul Ehrlich, The Population Bomb (New York: Ballantine Books, 1968), p. 11.

36 Quoted in Hartmann, Reproductive Rights and Wrongs, p. 229.

37 Donella H. Meadows et al., The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Romes Project on the Predicament of Mankind (Washington: Potomac Associates, 1972).

38 Hartmann, Reproductive Rights and Wrongs, p. 25; and United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Population, Resources, and the Environment: The Critical Challenges (New York: UNFPA, 1991), pp. 1819.

39 Quoted in Gallagher, Population Control, BBC, October 28, 2011.

40 Connelly, Fatal Misconception, p. 379.

41 Hartmann, Reproductive Rights and Wrongs, p. 102.

42 Hartmann, p. 99.

43 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Policies 2009, 2010, p. 50, Table 5.

44 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Policies, p. 46, Table 2.

45 Hvistendahl, Unnatural Selection, pp. 104, 141.

46 Emphasis added. United Nations Populations Fund et al., Family Planning in the 1980s: Challenges and Opportunities (paper, International Conference on Family Planning in the 1980s, Jakarta, Indonesia, April 2630, 1981), pp. 9798.

47 Bahgat Elnadi and Adel Rifaat, Interview with Jacques-Yves Cousteau, UNESCO Courier, November 1991, pp. 813.

48 Nicholas Eberstadt, Population, Poverty, Policy: Essential Essays from Nicholas Eberstadt, 2nd ed., vol. 1 (Washington: American Enterprise Institute Press, 2018), pp. 1819.

49 Susan Greenhalgh, Just One Child: Science and Policy in Dengs China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), p. 136. The words quoted are Greenhalghs.

50 Mei Fong, One Child: The Story of Chinas Most Radical Experiment (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt: 2016), pp. 51, 56.

51 Susan Greenhalgh, Science, Modernity, and the Making of Chinas One-Child Policy, Population and Development Review 29, no. 2 (June 2003): 170.

52 Sui-Lee Wee and Hui Li, Insight: The Backroom Battle Delaying Reform of Chinas One-Child Policy, Reuters, April 8, 2013.

53 Susan Greenhalgh, Missile Science, Population Science: The Origins of Chinas One-Child Policy, The China Quarterly 182 (June 2005): 266.

54 Greenhalgh, Science, Modernity, and the Making of Chinas One-Child Policy, p. 170.

55 Greenhalgh, Missile Science, Population Science, p. 100; and Hvistendahl, Unnatural Selection, p. 139.

56 U.K. House of Commons International Development Committee, DFID and China: Third Report of Session 20089, vol. II (London: The Stationary Office, March 12, 2009), p. 101.

57 Connelly, Fatal Misconception, p. 343.

58 Population Council, United Nations Population Award, p. 749.

59 Population Council, p. 751.

60 Lawrence W. Green, Promoting the One-Child Policy in China, Journal of Public Health Policy 9, no. 2 (Summer 1988): 273.

61 Quoted in Hartmann, Reproductive Rights and Wrongs, p. 160.

62 Du Minghua, UNFPA Praises Chinas Family Planning Policy, Peoples Daily, March 15, 2001.

63 Raj Karan Gambhir, Should India Follow Chinas Lead on Environment?, Harvard Political Review, October 29, 2018, http://harvardpolitics.com/covers/should-india-follow-chinas-lead-on-environment/.

64 Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, The Effects of Chinas One-Child Policy.

65 Fong, One Child, p. 73; Kay Ann Johnson, Chinas Hidden Children: Abandonment, Adoption, and the Human Costs of the One-Child Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016), p. 17; Hartmann, Reproductive Rights and Wrongs, p. 155; and Hvistendahl, Unnatural Selection, p. 135.

66 Fong, p. 71.

67 Fong, pp. 73, 75.

68 Hvistendahl, Unnatural Selection, p. 143.

69 Fong, One Child, p. 72.

70 Fong, p. 73.

71 Only Me Generation, directed by Sophie Zhang (New York: Baraka Productions, 2013).

72 Fong, One Child, p. 194.

73 Fong, p. 195.

74 Johnson, Chinas Hidden Children, p. 18.

75 World Contraceptive Use 2019, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2019.

76 World Contraceptive Use 2019.

77 Hartmann, Reproductive Rights and Wrongs, p. 154

78 Sui-Lee Wee, After One Child Policy, Outrage at Chinas Offer to Remove IUDs, New York Times, January 7, 2017.

79 Hartmann, Reproductive Rights and Wrongs, p. 156.

80 Susan Greenhalgh, Controlling Births and Bodies in Village China, American Ethnologist 21, no. 1 (February 1994): 23.

81 Fong, One Child, p. 78.

82 Simon Denyer, Horrors of One-Child Policy Leave Deep Scars in Chinese Society, Washington Post, October 30, 2015.

83 Fong, One Child, pp. 67, 78.

84 Congressional-Executive Commission on China, Annual Report 2016, October 6, 2016, p. 151.

85 Jiawei Hou, Yinfeng Zhang, and Baochang Gu, Ideal and Actual Childbearing in China: Number, Gender and Timing, China Population and Development Studies 3 (January 2020): 99112.

86 Johnson, Chinas Hidden Children, pp. 18, 63, 69.

87 Fong, One Child, pp. 67, 82.

88 Malcolm Moore, 336 Million Abortions under Chinas One-Child Policy, The Telegraph, March 15, 2013.

89 Hvistendahl, Unnatural Selection, p. 143.

90 China Forced Abortion Photo Sparks Outrage, BBC, June 14, 2012.

91 Fong, One Child, p. 77.

92 Greenhalgh, Controlling Births and Bodies in Village China, p. 23.

93 An Evaluation of 30 Years of the One-Child Policy in China: Hearing before the Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission, 111th Cong. 45 (2009).

94 Fong, One Child, p. 195.

95 Fong, p. 76.

96 Verna Yu, I Could Hear the Baby Cry. They Killed My Baby . . . Yet I Couldnt Do a Thing: The Countless Tragedies of Chinas One-Child Policy, South China Morning Post, November 15, 2015.

97 Robyn Dixon, China May Be Ready to Drop Limits on Child-Bearing, but the Pain of its One-Child Policy Endures, Los Angeles Times, December 29, 2018, https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-china-one-child-20181228-story.html.

98 Denyer, Horrors of One-Child Policy.

99 Fong, One Child, pp. 11, 80.

100 Johnson, Chinas Hidden Children, p. 97.

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Neo-Malthusianism and Coercive Population Control in China and India: Overpopulation Concerns Often Result in Coercion - Cato Institute