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Brian Likosar

Brian is an open source geek with a passion for working at the intersection of people and technology. Throughout his career, he's been involved in open source, whether that was with Linux, Ansible and OpenShift/Kubernetes while at Red Hat, Apache Kafka while at Confluent, or Apache Flink while at AWS. Currently a senior solutions architect at StormForge, he is based in the Chicago area and enjoys horror, sports, live music and theme parks.

Note: This is the third of a five-part series covering Kubernetes resource management and optimization. In this article, we explain how machine learning can be used to manage Kubernetes resources efficiently. Previous articles explained Kubernetes resource types and requests and limits.

As Kubernetes has become the de-facto standard for application container orchestration, it has also raised vital questions about optimization strategies and best practices. One of the reasons organizations adopt Kubernetes is to improve efficiency, even while scaling up and down to accommodate changing workloads. But the same fine-grained control that makes Kubernetes so flexible also makes it challenging to effectively tune and optimize.

In this article, well explain how machine learning can be used to automate tuning of these resources and ensure efficient scaling for variable workloads.

Optimizing applications for Kubernetes is largely a matter of ensuring that the code uses its underlying resources namely CPU and memory as efficiently as possible. That means ensuring performance that meets or exceeds service-level objectives at the lowest possible cost and with minimal effort.

When creating a cluster, we can configure the use of two primary resources memory and CPU at the container level. Namely, we can set limits as to how much of these resources our application can use and request. We can think of those resource settings as our input variables, and the output in terms of performance, reliability and resource usage (or cost) of running our application. As the number of containers increases, the number of variables also increases, and with that, the overall complexity of cluster management and system optimization increases exponentially.

We can think of Kubernetes configuration as an equation with resource settings as our variables and cost, performance and reliability as our outcomes.

To further complicate matters, different resource parameters are interdependent. Changing one parameter may have unexpected effects on cluster performance and efficiency. This means that manually determining the precise configurations for optimal performance is an impossible task, unless you have unlimited time and Kubernetes experts.

If we do not set custom values for resources during the container deployment, Kubernetes automatically assigns these values. The challenge here is that Kubernetes is quite generous with its resources to prevent two situations: service failure due to an out-of-memory (OOM) error and unreasonably slow performance due to CPU throttling. However, using the default configurations to create a cloud-based cluster will result in unreasonably high cloud costs without guaranteeing sufficient performance.

This all becomes even more complex when we seek to manage multiple parameters for several clusters. For optimizing an environments worth of metrics, a machine learning system can be an integral addition.

There are two general approaches to machine learning-based optimization, each of which provides value in a different way. First, experimentation-based optimization can be done in a non-prod environment using a variety of scenarios to emulate possible production scenarios. Second, observation-based optimization can be performed either in prod or non-prod by observing actual system behavior. These two approaches are described next.

Optimizing through experimentation is a powerful, science-based approach because we can try any possible scenario, measure the outcomes, adjust our variables and try again. Since experimentation takes place in a non-prod environment, were only limited by the scenarios we can imagine and the time and effort needed to perform these experiments. If experimentation is done manually, the time and effort needed can be overwhelming. Thats where machine learning and automation come in.

Lets explore how experimentation-based optimization works in practice.

To set up an experiment, we must first identify which variables (also called parameters) can be tuned. These are typically CPU and memory requests and limits, replicas and application-specific parameters such as JVM heap size and garbage collection settings.

Some ML optimization solutions can scan your cluster to automatically identify configurable parameters. This scanning process also captures the clusters current, or baseline, values as a starting point for our experiment.

Next, you must specify your goals. In other words, which metrics are you trying to minimize or maximize? In general, the goal will consist of multiple metrics representing trade-offs, such as performance versus cost. For example, you may want to maximize throughput while minimizing resource costs.

Some optimization solutions will allow you to apply a weighting to each optimization goal, as performance may be more important than cost in some situations and vice versa. Additionally, you may want to specify boundaries for each goal. For instance, you might not want to even consider any scenarios that result in performance below a particular threshold. Providing these guardrails will help to improve the speed and efficiency of the experimentation process.

Here are some considerations for selecting the right metrics for your optimization goals:

Of course, these are just a few examples. Determining the proper metrics to prioritize requires communication between developers and those responsible for business operations. Determine the organizations primary goals. Then examine how the technology can achieve these goals and what it requires to do so. Finally, establish a plan that emphasizes the metrics that best accommodate the balance of cost and function.

With an experimentation-based approach, we need to establish the scenarios to optimize for and build those scenarios into a load test. This might be a range of expected user traffic or a specific scenario like a retail holiday-based spike in traffic. This performance test will be used during the experimentation process to simulate production load.

Once weve set up our experiment with optimization goals and tunable parameters, we can kick off the experiment. An experiment consists of multiple trials, with your optimization solution iterating through the following steps for each trial:

The machine learning engine uses the results of each trial to build a model representing the multidimensional parameter space. In this space, it can examine the parameters in relation to one another. With each iteration, the ML engine moves closer to identifying the configurations that optimize the goal metrics.

While machine learning automatically recommends the configuration that will result in the optimal outcomes, additional analysis can be done once the experiment is complete. For example, you can visualize the trade-offs between two different goals, see which parameters have a significant impact on outcomes and which matter less.

Results are often surprising and can lead to key architectural improvements, for example, determining that a larger number of smaller replicas is more efficient than a smaller number of heavier replicas.

Experiment results can be visualized and analyzed to fully understand system behavior.

Experiment results can be visualized and analyzed to fully understand system behavior.

While experimentation-based optimization is powerful for analyzing a wide range of scenarios, its impossible to anticipate every possible situation. Additionally, highly variable user traffic means that an optimal configuration at one point in time may not be optimal as things change. Kubernetes autoscalers can help, but they are based on historical usage and fail to take application performance into account.

This is where observation-based optimization can help. Lets see how it works.

Depending on what optimization solution youre using, configuring an application for observation-based optimization may consist of the following steps:

Once configured, the machine learning engine begins analyzing observability data collected from Prometheus, Datadog or other observability tools to understand actual resource usage and application performance trends. The system then begins making recommendations at the interval specified during configuration.

If you specified automatic implementation of recommendations during configuration, the optimization solution will automatically patch deployments with recommended configurations as they are recommended. If you selected manual deployment, you can view the recommendation, including container-level details, before deciding to approve or not.

As you may have noted, observation-based optimization is simpler than experimentation-based approaches. It provides value faster with less effort, but on the other hand, experimentation- based optimization is more powerful and can provide deep application insights that arent possible using an observation-based approach.

Which approach to use shouldnt be an either/or decision; both approaches have their place and can work together to close the gap between prod and non-prod. Here are some guidelines to consider:

Using both experimentation-based and observation-based approaches creates a virtuous cycle of systematic, continuous optimization.

Using both experimentation-based and observation-based approaches creates a virtuous cycle of systematic, continuous optimization.

Optimizing our Kubernetes environment to maximize efficiency (performance versus cost), scale intelligently and achieve our business goals requires:

For small environments, this task is arduous. For an organization running apps on Kubernetes at scale, it is likely already beyond the scope of manual labor.

Fortunately, machine learning can bridge the automation gap and provide powerful insights for optimizing a Kubernetes environment at every level.

StormForge provides a solution that uses machine learning to optimize based on both observation (using observability data) and experimentation (using performance-testing data).

To try StormForge in your environment, you can request a free trial here and experience how complete optimization does not need to be a complete headache.

Stay tuned for future articles in this series where well explain how to tackle specific challenges involved in optimizing Java apps and databases running in containers.

The New Stack is a wholly owned subsidiary of Insight Partners, an investor in the following companies mentioned in this article: StormForge.

Feature image via Pixabay.

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