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In the case of State security forces, human rights violations were committed to quash dissent and exploit vulnerable migrants, with no justice in sight, according to thelatest report, from theIndependent Fact-Finding Mission (FFM) on Libya.

It documents the widespread practice of arbitrary detention, murder, torture, rape, enslavement and enforced disappearance in the country. In addition, the Mission states for the first time that sexual slavery was committed against migrants.

There is anurgent need for accountability to end this pervasive impunity, said Mohamed Auajjar, the Missions chair. We call on Libyan authorities todevelop a human rights plan of actionand a comprehensive, victim-centred roadmap on transitional justice without delay, and hold all those responsible for human rights violations accountable.

Libya has been in turmoil since the ouster of former long-time leader Muammar Gaddafi, with the country divided between rival administrations and warring militias, with a UN-recognized Government of National Accord based in the capital Tripoli and the forces of General Khalifa Haftars so-called Libyan National Army holding sway in the east and southern areas of the oil-rich nation.

The Mission which has reported since 2016, noted thataccountability for the violations was severely lacking, as most survivors weretoo afraid and mistrustful of the justice systemto officially report the abuse. As a result, the violations continue unabated, the Mission said.

As its mandatecomes to an end next week, the Mission called for the creation of new rights monitoring and investigation mechanisms, to support Libyan reconciliation efforts and help the authorities achieve transitional justice and accountability.

The report notes that more than 670,000 migrants from over 41 countries were present in Libya in the period since July 2022, when the Missions mandate was last extended, until March of this year.

The Missioninterviewed more than 100 migrants over the course of its investigationsand its report points tooverwhelming evidence of systematic torture and sexual slavery,among other violations.

Detention centres in which migrants were enslavedwere under the actual or nominal control of the authorities, including the Directorate for Combating Illegal Migration and the Libyan Coast Guard.

The widescaleexploitation of migrants is a lucrative business, the Mission said, noting that trafficking, enslavement, forced labour, imprisonment, extortion and smuggling generated significant revenue for individuals, groups and State institutions.

Detention-related violations were also found to affect Libyans on a large scale, and the Mission points to the responsibility of State authorities and their leadership.

The report notes thatvictims came from every segment of Libyan society and included children, adult men and women, human rights defenders, political participants, civil society representatives, members of military or security forces, legal professionals and persons of perceived or actual diverse sexual orientations and gender identities.

Most of those interviewed by the Mission were held without charge in horrific conditions, subjected regularly to torture, solitary confinement, held incommunicado and denied access to water, food and other essentials.

Children walk past damaged buildings in Benghazi in Libya.

According to the Mission, the situation of women in Libyahas only worsened over the past three years, in a context of a weakening of State institutions amid the rising power of armed groups.

The report documentssystematic discrimination against women, a rise in domestic violence, which is not punished by any comprehensive law, and a lack of accountability for crimes against prominent women leaders, such as theenforced disappearance of member of parliament Sihem Sergiwanearly four years ago, and the killing of Hannan Barassi in 2020.

The Mission reiterated its call on the authorities in Benghazi, where the two high-profile crimes took place, toadequately investigate themand bring the perpetrators to justice.

Established by the Human Rights Council in 2020 to investigate human rights violations by all parties since the beginning of 2016, the Missions mandate ends on 4 April,at a time when the human rights situation in Libya is deteriorating, parallel State authorities are emerging and the legislative, executive and security sector reforms needed to uphold the rule of law and unify the country arefar from being realized, says the report.

In this context, the Missioncalls on the Human Rights Council to establish a sufficiently resourced, independent international investigation mechanism, and on the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to create another mechanism with an ongoing mandate to monitor and report on gross human rights violations in Libya.

Among other recommendations, the reportcalls on the international community to cease all direct and indirect support to Libyan actors involved in crimes against humanity and gross human rights violations against migrants, such as the Directorate for Combating Illegal Migration, the Stability Support Apparatus and the Libyan Coast Guard.

The Mission also says it willshare its findings with the International Criminal Court, including a list of possible perpetrators of international crimes.

UN Human Rights Council-appointed rights experts such as the members of the Mission work on a voluntary and unpaid basis, are not UN staff, and work independently from any government or organization.

Following a UN-brokered ceasefire in October 2020, elections were due to take place in December 2021, but were postponed.

Last month,Abdoulaye Bathily, Special Representative for Libya and head of the UNs political mission in the country(UNSMIL)announced to the Security Councilanew initiative aiming to facilitate the holding ofpresidential and legislative elections before the end of the year.

Speaking about the need for reconciliation in Libya, Mr. Bathily said at the time, Reconciliation is a long-term process that should be inclusive, victim-centred, rights-based and grounded on transitional justice principles.

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Libya: Crimes against humanity committed since 2016 rights probe - UN News