Iraq – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Iraq (//, i//, or //; Arabic: al-Irq), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic: (helpinfo) Jumhriyyat al-Irq; Kurdish: ), is a country in Western Asia encompassing the Mesopotamian alluvial plain, the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, and the eastern part of the Syrian Desert.[6]
Iraq borders Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Kuwait to the southeast, Saudi Arabia to the south, Jordan to the southwest, and Syria to the west. Iraq has a narrow section of coastline measuring 58km (36mi) on the northern Persian Gulf. The capital city, Baghdad is in the center-east of the country. Two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run through the center of Iraq, flowing from northwest to southeast. These provide Iraq with agriculturally capable land and contrast with the steppe and desert landscape that covers most of Western Asia.
Iraq has been known by the Greek toponym 'Mesopotamia' (Land between the rivers) and has been home to continuous successive civilizations since the 6th millennium BC. The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is often referred to as the cradle of civilization and the birthplace of writing. At different periods in its history, Iraq was the center of the indigenous Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian, and Babylonian empires. It was also part of the Median, Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman empires, and under British control as a League of Nations mandate.[7] Iraq is home to two of the world's holiest places among Shias: Najaf and Karbala.[8]
Iraq's modern borders were mostly demarcated in 1920 by the League of Nations when the Ottoman Empire was divided by the Treaty of Svres. Iraq was placed under the authority of the United Kingdom as the British Mandate of Mesopotamia. A monarchy was established in 1921 and the Kingdom of Iraq gained independence from Britain in 1932. In 1958, the monarchy was overthrown and the Republic of Iraq was created. Iraq was controlled by the Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-led faction) from 1968 until 2003. After an invasion led by the United States of America including multinational forces, the Ba'ath Party was removed from power and multi-party parliamentary elections were held. The American presence in Iraq ended in 2011.[9]
The Arabic name al-Irq has been in use since before the 6th century. There are several suggested origins for the name. One dates to the Sumerian city of Uruk (Biblical Hebrew Erech) and is thus ultimately of Sumerian origin, as Uruk was the Akkadian name for the Sumerian city of Urug, containing the Sumerian word for "city", UR.[10][11] An Arabic folk etymology for the name is "deeply rooted, well-watered; fertile".[12] During the medieval period, there was a region called Irq Arab ("Arabian Iraq") for Lower Mesopotamia and Irq ajam ("Foreign Iraq"),[13] for the region now situated in Central and Western Iran.[14] The term historically included the plain south of the Hamrin Mountains and did not include the northernmost and westernmost parts of the modern territory of Iraq.[15] The term Sawad was also used in early Islamic times for the region of the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, contrasting it with the arid Arabian desert. As an Arabic word, means "hem", "shore", "bank", or "edge", so that the name by folk etymology came to be interpreted as "the escarpment", viz. at the south and east of the Jazira Plateau, which forms the northern and western edge of the "al-Iraq arabi" area.[16]
The Arabic pronunciation is [irq]. In English, it is either // (the only pronunciation listed in the Oxford English Dictionary and the first one in Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary) or // (listed first by MQD), the American Heritage Dictionary, and the Random House Dictionary. // is frequently heard in US media.
The "Cradle of Civilization", is a common term for the area comprising modern Iraq as it was home to the earliest known civilization, the Sumerian civilization, which arose in the fertile Tigris-Euphrates river valley of southern Iraq in the Chalcolithic (Ubaid period). It was here in the late 4th millennium BC, that the world's first writing system and recorded history itself were born. The Sumerian civilization flourished for over 3,000 years[citation needed] and was succeeded by the rise of the Akkadian Empire in the 24th century BC. Over two centuries of Akkadian dominance was followed by a Sumerian Renaissance in the 21st century BC. An Elamite invasion in 2004 BC brought the Third Dynasty of Ur to an end. By the 21st century BC, a new Akkadian civilization, Assyria, had risen to dominance in northern Iraq, and by the 19th century BC a contemporaneous Amorite state, Babylonia, had formed in southern Iraq.
Iraq was to be dominated by the Assyrians and Babylonians for the next 14 centuries, and under the respective Assyrian and Babylonian empire of Shamshi-Adad I and Hammurabi in the 19th and 18th centuries BC, the Middle Assyrian Empire of 13651053 BC and the Neo Assyrian Empire of 911605 BC, and the final Babylonian empire of 620539 BC Iraq became a center of world power. The Neo Assyrian Empire in particular put Iraq at the heart of a massive empire stretching from the Caucasus to Egypt and Arabia, and from Cyprus to Persia.
In the 6th century BC, Cyrus the Great of neighbouring Persia defeated the Neo-Babylonian Empire at the Battle of Opis and Iraq was subsumed into the Achaemenid Empire for nearly two centuries. In the late 4th century BC, Alexander the Great conquered the region, putting it under Hellenistic Seleucid rule for over two centuries.[18] The Parthians (247 BC 224 AD) from Persia conquered the region during the reign of Mithridates I of Parthia (r. 171138 BC). From Syria, the Romans invaded western parts of the region several times. Christianity began to take hold in Iraq (particularly in Assyria) between the 1st and 3rd centuries, and Assyria became a center of the Church of the East. The Sassanids of Persia under Ardashir I destroyed the Parthian Empire and conquered the region in 224 AD. The region was thus a province of the Sassanid Empire for over four centuries, until the Muslim conquest of Persia in the mid-7th century, although a number of indigenous Neo Assyrian states evolved during the Parthian era, such as Adiabene, Osroene and Hatra.
The Arab Islamic conquest in the mid 7th century AD established Islam in Iraq, and saw a large influx of Arabs and also Kurds. Under the Rashidun Caliphate, the prophet Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law Ali moved his capital to Kufa when he became the fourth caliph. The Umayyad Caliphate ruled the province of Iraq from Damascus in the 7th century. (However, eventually there was a separate, independent Caliphate of Crdoba.)
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Iraq - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- US OKs potential sale of aircraft support to Iraq, Pentagon says - The Jerusalem Post - April 16th, 2024 [April 16th, 2024]
- FBI charges arms dealers for conspiring to send weapons to Sudan, Iraq - USA TODAY - April 16th, 2024 [April 16th, 2024]
- Biden cheat sheet for Iraq PM meeting caught on camera -- including instructions to 'pause' - New York Post - April 16th, 2024 [April 16th, 2024]
- The Met, Amid an Audit of its Holdings, Returns an Ancient Statue to Iraq - The New York Times - April 16th, 2024 [April 16th, 2024]
- Iraq Hopes to Expand Economic Relationship With the U.S. - OilPrice.com - April 16th, 2024 [April 16th, 2024]
- US and UK forces help shoot down Iranian drones over Jordan, Syria and Iraq - The Guardian - April 16th, 2024 [April 16th, 2024]
- Footage shows Iranian Shahed 136 drone flying over Iraq en route to Israel - The Times of Israel - April 16th, 2024 [April 16th, 2024]
- Kataib Hezbollah is Part of Iraq's PMF - The Washington Institute - April 16th, 2024 [April 16th, 2024]
- Denmark will close down embassy in Iraq - The Jerusalem Post - April 16th, 2024 [April 16th, 2024]
- Iraq reopens airspace after Iran's strikes on Israel - The New Arab - April 16th, 2024 [April 16th, 2024]
- Biden to host Iraq's leader after Iran's attack on Israel spurs chaos across the Middle East - Yahoo! Voices - April 16th, 2024 [April 16th, 2024]
- Iraq Needs a New Kind of Partnership With the United States - Foreign Affairs Magazine - April 16th, 2024 [April 16th, 2024]
- Iraq denies any drones or missiles were launched from its territory during Iran attack - The Times of Israel - April 16th, 2024 [April 16th, 2024]
- Jordan, Iraq and Lebanon reopen airspace after Iran attacks - The Jerusalem Post - April 16th, 2024 [April 16th, 2024]
- Iraq postpones vote on bill including death penalty for same-sex acts - The Times of Israel - April 16th, 2024 [April 16th, 2024]
- Stroudsburg man sentenced to 70 years for torturing employee in Iraq - 69News WFMZ-TV - April 16th, 2024 [April 16th, 2024]
- Iraq's struggle, divided between the US and Iran - The Jerusalem Post - April 16th, 2024 [April 16th, 2024]
- Iraqi Airways announces the resumption of flights between Iraq and Iran - Reuters - April 16th, 2024 [April 16th, 2024]
- Who are Iran's proxies threatening Israel? - The Jerusalem Post - April 16th, 2024 [April 16th, 2024]
- Wreckage of Iranian missiles and drones bound for Israel found in Iraq - The National - April 16th, 2024 [April 16th, 2024]
- Iraqi PM tells US President that Iraq is shifting from a military alliance to economic ties with the US - Iraqi News - April 16th, 2024 [April 16th, 2024]
- Iraq PM arrives in Washington - Arab News - April 16th, 2024 [April 16th, 2024]
- Defense relationship part of US-Iraq talks in Washington next week, US official says - Reuters - April 16th, 2024 [April 16th, 2024]
- Ex-Sen. Bob Graham of Florida dies at 87; led Intelligence Committee after 9/11 and opposed Iraq invasion - The San Diego Union-Tribune - April 16th, 2024 [April 16th, 2024]
- How an Iraq War veteran coped with PTSD by using taste mindfulness and bourbon - Fox News - April 16th, 2024 [April 16th, 2024]
- Jordan, Iraq and Lebanon reopen airspace after Iran attacks - Deccan Herald - April 16th, 2024 [April 16th, 2024]
- Prime Minister Sudani's Pivotal US Visit and Its Implications for Iraq's Future - Wilson Center - April 16th, 2024 [April 16th, 2024]
- George Michael Took a Stand Against the Iraq War - Jacobin magazine - April 16th, 2024 [April 16th, 2024]
- Iraq to enhance air fleet with $140m US aircraft support deal - Airforce Technology - Airforce Technology - April 16th, 2024 [April 16th, 2024]
- Investigating Torture: FBI-HSI Investigation Leads to U.S. Citizen's Conviction for Human Rights Violations in Iraq FBI - Federal Bureau of... - April 16th, 2024 [April 16th, 2024]
- Iraq's "Resistance" Factions Shift to Major Crackdown on Media Spaces - The Washington Institute - March 2nd, 2024 [March 2nd, 2024]
- Couple Travels to Iraq After Vowing to Visit All 195 Countries Their Experience Goes Viral (Exclusive) - Yahoo Entertainment - March 2nd, 2024 [March 2nd, 2024]
- The devastation of Gaza was inevitable: A comparison to US operations in Iraq and Syria - The Times of Israel - March 2nd, 2024 [March 2nd, 2024]
- A careful rethinking of the Iraq War - MIT News - March 2nd, 2024 [March 2nd, 2024]
- Iraq War veteran struggles to access VA care in rural area - DAV - March 2nd, 2024 [March 2nd, 2024]
- Maintaining the best thing the US built in Iraq: Continued support to the Iraqi Counterterrorism Service - Middle East Institute - March 2nd, 2024 [March 2nd, 2024]
- Couple Travels to Iraq After Vowing to Visit All 195 Countries Their Experience Goes Viral (Exclusive) - PEOPLE - March 2nd, 2024 [March 2nd, 2024]
- Iraq's Twenty Years of Carnage | Joshua Hammer - The New York Review of Books - March 2nd, 2024 [March 2nd, 2024]
- Thousands of Ugandans may sue over U.S. security work in Iraq, Afghanistan - Semafor - March 2nd, 2024 [March 2nd, 2024]
- Book Review: The Achilles Trap, by Steve Coll - The New York Times - March 2nd, 2024 [March 2nd, 2024]
- Iraq/KRI: Further Information: Journalist Released After Three Years Imprisonment: Guhdar Zebari - Amnesty International - March 2nd, 2024 [March 2nd, 2024]
- He saw the horrors of PTSD after serving in Iraq. Now this former Goldman Sachs analyst has a startup aimed at improving mental health treatment -... - March 2nd, 2024 [March 2nd, 2024]
- Cafe in Iraq allows customers to play with cats - WNCT - March 2nd, 2024 [March 2nd, 2024]
- Iraq Attracts Wave of Saudi and Gulf Investments for the First Time - The Media Line - March 2nd, 2024 [March 2nd, 2024]
- FEMA employees brought government devices abroad without authorization, including to China and Iraq, document ... - FedScoop - March 2nd, 2024 [March 2nd, 2024]
- Iraq War failures can be boiled down to miscommunications, according to this author - WLRN - March 2nd, 2024 [March 2nd, 2024]
- Steve Coll discusses collaboration with RCFP attorneys for new book, "The Achilles Trap" - Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press - March 2nd, 2024 [March 2nd, 2024]
- The National Guard's quiet role in Iraq, Syria and Jordan - Yahoo! Voices - March 2nd, 2024 [March 2nd, 2024]
- Two killed in Turkish drone strike in northern Iraq - Al Arabiya English - March 2nd, 2024 [March 2nd, 2024]
- Iraq to close all IDP camps by July 30 - Mission Network News - March 2nd, 2024 [March 2nd, 2024]
- President of the Republic: Iraq's oil production increased twofold to 4.7 million barrels in the past decade - Shafaq News - Shafaq News - March 2nd, 2024 [March 2nd, 2024]
- Third Edition of Antalya Diplomacy Forum Opens with Participation of Iraq Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of ... - - March 2nd, 2024 [March 2nd, 2024]
- Opinion: American airstrikes in Iraq, Syria, Yemen solidify a concerning reality - UT Daily Beacon - March 2nd, 2024 [March 2nd, 2024]
- Home Iraq Stories Rebuilding Social bonds through Baking - United Nations Development Programme - March 2nd, 2024 [March 2nd, 2024]
- Iraq's Central Bank sells over $1 billion in one week - Iraqi News - February 23rd, 2024 [February 23rd, 2024]
- Iraq's Alssad parters with Saudi Arabia's Al Rabie and Switzerland's Tetra Pak to tackle Iraq's food security - Iraqi News - February 23rd, 2024 [February 23rd, 2024]
- Iraq's positive trajectory serves as a beacon of hope - Arab News - February 23rd, 2024 [February 23rd, 2024]
- Iran-backed militias in Iraq claim to have targeted Israeli gas rig in Mediterranean - The Times of Israel - December 23rd, 2023 [December 23rd, 2023]
- I fought in Iraq, Israel has a sacred obligation to protect innocents that all those in uniform share - Fox News - December 23rd, 2023 [December 23rd, 2023]
- US troops in Iraq and Syria have faced over 100 attacks since October - Military Times - December 23rd, 2023 [December 23rd, 2023]
- Is Iraq really divided on resistance operations against US targets? - The Cradle - December 23rd, 2023 [December 23rd, 2023]
- Acting Deputy Secretary of State Nuland's Travel to Jordan and Iraq - United States Department of State - Department of State - December 23rd, 2023 [December 23rd, 2023]
- US must prepare for a long battle with Houthi rebels. Remember Iraq-Iran Tanker War in 1980s? - ThePrint - December 23rd, 2023 [December 23rd, 2023]
- Nikki Haley is correct that fentanyl deaths top casualties from 3 wars combined - The Dallas Morning News - December 23rd, 2023 [December 23rd, 2023]
- How Iraq is managing the Israel-Gaza crisis | Brookings - Brookings Institution - December 23rd, 2023 [December 23rd, 2023]
- Tragedies Born of Negligence in Iraq - Human Rights Watch - December 23rd, 2023 [December 23rd, 2023]
- No US troops injured in latest rocket strike at Iraq base - Stars and Stripes - December 23rd, 2023 [December 23rd, 2023]
- Senators Coons, Cruz introduce resolution to condemn attacks by Iranian military proxies on U.S. troops in Iraq and Syria - Senator Chris Coons - December 23rd, 2023 [December 23rd, 2023]
- Iraq and Turkey boost security ties in Ankara talks - The New Arab - December 23rd, 2023 [December 23rd, 2023]
- Iraqi militia attempts Eilat drone attack, was intercepted over Jordan - The Jerusalem Post - December 23rd, 2023 [December 23rd, 2023]
- Iraq heads to provincial elections, first in ten years - The Jerusalem Post - December 23rd, 2023 [December 23rd, 2023]
- Three Turkish soldiers killed in attack in northern Iraq ministry - Arab News - December 23rd, 2023 [December 23rd, 2023]
- 6 Turkish soldiers killed in terror attack in northern Iraq - Mehr News Agency - English Version - December 23rd, 2023 [December 23rd, 2023]
- WHO EMRO | WHO tackles low immunization challenges in Iraq | News | Iraq site - WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean - December 23rd, 2023 [December 23rd, 2023]
- Iraq arrests fugitive wanted in connection with Speicher massacre - Rudaw Media Network - December 23rd, 2023 [December 23rd, 2023]
- Trkiye, Iraq agree on expulsion of PKK terrorist group | Daily Sabah - Daily Sabah - December 23rd, 2023 [December 23rd, 2023]
- Trudeau government to spend nearly $10M to support unemployed youth in Iraq - Toronto Sun - December 23rd, 2023 [December 23rd, 2023]
- Korea to face Iraq in final tuneup before Asian Cup in January - - December 23rd, 2023 [December 23rd, 2023]
- Iraq, Turkiye FMs meet to discuss security, water issues - Middle East Monitor - December 23rd, 2023 [December 23rd, 2023]
- 6 Turkish soldiers killed in terror attack in northern Iraq - News.Az - December 23rd, 2023 [December 23rd, 2023]