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Mr. Cuomo reacted in stunned silence.

The pointed exchange, which has not previously been reported, captures the raw tensions around the fractured Democratic coalition in Albany that threaten to dog Mr. Cuomo as he looks to his 2018 re-election, and possibly beyond.

Dani Lever, a spokeswoman for the governor, played down the moment.

The comment you describe was not of particular note, said Ms. Lever, who was not at the meeting. Certainly no one took any offense because it was a friendly and positive meeting on all levels.

That is not how those in attendance reacted, describing it as profound moment in a fractious relationship.

Ms. Stewart-Cousins herself said in a statement, My comments were in the context of suburban representation there was no racial tension whatsoever; it was a good and productive meeting.

The issue of New Yorks divided government has attracted attention from national leaders, including Representative Nancy Pelosi, the leader of the House Democrats, and Representative Keith Ellison, the Democratic National Committee deputy chairman, who urged a united Democratic front against President Trump.

Theres this new awareness about what was formerly a rather insider parlor game, said State Senator Brad Hoylman, a Manhattan Democrat. The winds shifted on Nov. 8. The No. 1 concern I hear from my constituents on the street isnt Donald Trump. Its what the Senates going to do, and how the Democrats can win it back.

Democrats hold 32 of the 63 seats in the Senate, yet Republicans control the chamber. The mechanics and math of bringing Senate Democrats together are complex: Ms. Stewart-Cousins leads a group of 23 Democrats, while Mr. Klein leads the breakaway group of eight. The 32nd elected Democrat, Simcha Felder of Brooklyn, caucuses with the Republicans but has left the door open to rejoining the Democrats.

As Senator Kevin Parker, a Brooklyn Democrat, put it, How can you be one of the top Democrats in the country and not have resolved this in your own backyard?

The governor has built his reputation as a master manager and bipartisan deal maker, and the Republican-led Senate has prevented him from facing the politically precarious choice of vetoing or signing more liberal legislation that would inevitably emerge from a fully Democratic Legislature.

But as he looks to 2018 and a possible 2020 presidential bid, Mr. Cuomo must appeal to a restive Democratic electorate that is increasingly aware and unhappy that Republicans hold power in the State Senate during such polarized times.

The governor spent a lot of time and energy and successfully brought the two sides together in 2014, but the Democrats failed to win an overall majority, said Melissa DeRosa, the governors top aide. He is working very hard again to end the personal agendas and infighting that is causing the divide and unify the factions, which is more important than ever when our democratic values are under attack by the Trump administration.

In recent weeks, the state Democratic Party adopted a resolution to cut off party funds from the eight members of Mr. Kleins Independent Democratic Conference; New Yorks Democratic congressional delegation asked Mr. Cuomo behind closed doors for action during his recent visit to Washington; and, on a Manhattan street in July, an activist with a camera confronted Mr. Cuomo about his plans for the breakaway Democrats.

I can perform marriages, Mr. Cuomo said in the video, posted on YouTube, but I cant force them.

That has largely been Mr. Cuomos laissez-faire posture when it comes to the I.D.C., though many Democrats accuse him of tacitly supporting the arrangement.

Mr. Klein lauded the legislative achievements since the I.D.C.s inception in 2011, among them a higher minimum wage, paid family leave and legalization of gay marriage.

I think the entire political establishment has a lot to learn from the Independent Democratic Conference about getting things done, said Mr. Klein, whose district is drawn mostly from the Bronx, where he lives, and includes a sliver of Westchester.

He had only praise for Mr. Cuomo: I consider the governor a fantastic leader.

Mr. Klein and Ms. Stewart-Cousins, however, do not enjoy a warm relationship. I can count on a couple fingers how many times Ive spoken to Senator Cousins, Mr. Klein said.

Many Democrats believe Mr. Cuomo could broker an agreement between the warring Democratic factions, as he did during his last run for governor if it served him politically.

At this point, he is the solution, said Mr. Parker, the Democratic senator.

Behind the scenes, Mr. Cuomo has begun getting more involved, including arranging a dinner in Manhattan last week, a gathering that lasted more than two hours and was attended by only Mr. Cuomo, Ms. Stewart-Cousins and Mr. Klein, according to a person who spoke on the condition of anonymity.

The governor is a ferocious advocate when he chooses to be, said Bill Lipton, state director of the Working Families Party, which pushes Democrats to adopt more liberal positions. He has $25 million in the bank and hes the leader of the Democratic Party. Theres no question if he put his foot to the pedal here, he could have a decisive impact.

The closed-door confrontation with Ms. Stewart-Cousins highlighted another sensitive factor: race.

Mr. Cuomo has had an up-and-down history with New Yorks black political leadership dating to his 2002 primary challenge against H. Carl McCall, who was seeking to become the states first black governor. (Mr. Cuomo has since appointed Mr. McCall as board chairman for the State University of New York.) New York has never had a black woman lead a legislative chamber, and if Democrats could unite, Ms. Stewart-Cousins would be the first. (The Assembly currently has an African-American leader, Speaker Carl E. Heastie.)

In the Manhattan meeting last month, Mr. Cuomo went around the room to ask Ms. Stewart-Cousinss members if they were each willing to join with Mr. Kleins team to form a united Democratic front.

The question was, Are Democrats prepared to form a coalition with the I.D.C. to govern the Senate? and the answer was a resounding yes from every senator in the room, Mr. Hoylman recalled.

But Mr. Cuomo told them that Mr. Klein was still resistant. The meeting ended without resolution.

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Tensions Flare as Cuomo Confronts Democratic Rift - New York Times