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Four ofAfrica's longest-serving leaders, Cameroon's Paul Biya, Angola's Jose Eduardo dos Santos, Equatorial Guinea's Teodoro Obiang Nguema and Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe, have been in power for more than 35 years as a result of constitutional amendments.

President Pierre Nkurunziza of Burundi ran for a third term in 2015 despite a controversy over whether he was eligible to run again. The opposition boycotted the vote and Nkurunziza won. But his re-election led to an outbreak of violence that has killed hundreds and forced more than 400,000 people to flee, according to the UN refugee agency UNHCR.

Rwanda's President Paul Kagame, who has been in office since 2000, changed his country's constitution which allowed him to run again in an election scheduled later this year. The changes mean Kagame could stay in power until 2034.

There is an ongoing crisis in the Democratic Republic of Congo after President Joseph Kabila moved the elections scheduled for December last year to 2018.

Good leader gone bad

Uganda's President Yoweri Museveni came to power in 1986 after leading a rebellion against General Tito Okello, upon assuming the leadership of the east African nation, Museveni infamously said: "Africa is tired of leaders who cling to power against the wishes of the masses." However, in 2006, he changed the constitution to enable him run for a record fifth term. Museveni won the 2016 election but key opposition leader Kizza Besigye contested the result. A supreme court later declared the election to be free and fair. Museveni, 72, could become 'president for life' if a request by his ruling National Resistance Movement to remove presidential age limits succeeds.

President Yoweri Museveni has ruled Uganda since 1986 and could become 'president for life'

"Museveni was my hero," said Festus Mogae, former President of Botswana and an Ibrahim Prize holder, in an interview with DW. "But he is an example of people who spoil the good work they have done by overstaying [in power]. Now Museveni is a different Museveni, he talks a different language." Mogae was one of the guests attending the Mo Ibrahim Foundation good governance weekend recently held in Marrakesh.

"It's going to be an absolutely frank discussion," said Ibrahim in his opening remark. "We are going to be politically incorrect as usual," he added. For two consecutive years, Ibrahim's Foundation has been unable to find a perfect candidate for the Mo Ibrahim Prize for Achievement in African Leadership. The winner is awarded $5 million (4.7 million euros) over ten years plus a $200,000 annually for life.

The former miner became a symbol of resistance against Zimbabwe's long-term president Robert Mugabe. He formed the opposition party "Movement for Democratic Change" and has been arrested, abused and had his skull fractured. There was even an attempt to throw him out of a 10th floor window. After controversial elections in 2008, Tsvangirai signed a power-sharing agreement with Mugabe.

He's one of Africa's oldest long-term opposition figures: Afonso Dhlakama took on the leadership role of guerilla organization RENAMO in 1979 during Mozambique's civil war. RENAMO later transformed itself into a democratic party. But Dhlakama is still known for his belligerent tone and has said he is ready to take up arms again. So far he has made five unsuccessful bids to become president.

Etienne Tshisekedi became justice minister before graduating from university. He later went on to become the first Congolese citizen to obtain a doctorate in law. He served under President Mobutu Sese Seko but later became a critic of the DRC regime and was arrested numerous times. He has been the leading opposition figure since 2001. In 2011, he lost to sitting President Joseph Kabila.

Raila Odinga, the son of Kenya's first vice president, is highly ambitious and hopes one day to become president himself. Together with his father and his brother, he was a member of parliament. But he's by no means a loyal party member - he's changed his party affiliation four times so far. After his third election defeat in 2013 he went to court to contest the outcome - and lost again.

Kizza Besigye used to be a close confidante of Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni and served as his personal doctor. But he's now an enemy of the state ever since it became clear that he is also striving for power. He has repeatedly been accused of various crimes; he's been arrested and severely beaten. He's been charged with treason for organizing protests against Museveni's re-election in 2016.

Saleh Kebzabo (left) and Ngarlejy Yorongar represent different political camps, but they have been fighting together for political change for years. However, their alliance was weakened before elections this year when they couldn't agree on how to support each other. Meanwhile, President Idriss Deby, who has ruled the country for 26 years, was re-elected for a fifth term.

Jean-Pierre Fabre has always been part of Togo's opposition. He heads the party "National Alliance for Change" and has run twice for president. After his latest defeat in April 2015, he became fed up with the system: he rejected the election results and claimed the vote was rigged. He then went on to proclaim himself president-elect. But it was in vain.

Nana Akufo-Addo's father was Ghana's president in the 70s, but so far, he hasn't been able to fill his shoes. Many people in Ghana ridicule him for his often desperate attempts to win power. They can't relate to the man from the upper class. In November, he wants to try yet again for the third time. It could be his last attempt, since his party is not united.

Author: Gwendolin Hilse / sst

So far, handing over power has been one of the most difficult decision for African leaders since there are less financial supports and assurances against political indictments once they are out of office.

A changing tide?

Since its inception in 2007, the Mo Ibrahim Prize has been awarded to only fivelaureates. They include former South African President Nelson Mandela and Joaquim Chissano of Mozambique.

To qualify for the award, a leader must have left office in the last three years and must have developed his country, strengthened democracy and human rights and pave the way for "sustainable and equitable prosperity".

The foundation's annual governance weekend provides a platform for governments and non-state actors to interact and debate some of the reasons why African leaders stay longer in power. None of the leaders accused of clinging on to power attended the forum. But Ibrahim uses every opportunity to pass his message.

Mo Ibrahim and his foundation seek to encourage democracy and good governance in Africa

"I was speaking to a prime minister at a summit in Switzerland the other day," said Ibrahim as he began a narrative of his interaction with an African politician, whom he did not name. "He said he was going to adopt the Chinese business model in his country. I asked him what the size of his country's population was. He said seven million. I laughed and told him China has a population of 1.2 billion people. Do you think a business model for that amount of people would work for your country? He had no further response."

The tide is however changing. Ghana, lauded as one Africa's beacon of democracy held elections last December with a smooth peaceful transition thereafter. This year, there are fivepresidential elections scheduled to take place in Africa. Kenya is going to the polls on August 8. Liberia, Libya, Rwanda and Somalia all have upcoming presidential elections as well. Sierra Leone has postponed its general elections to early 2018. President Ernest Bai Koroma's reason for the postponement was the outbreak of the Ebola virus. The leader of the small west African state struck his name off the ballot papers as speculations grew that he intended to run for a third term.

The focus once again will be on which president will leave office honorably if they are defeated. It took military intervention to force Gambia's Yahya Jammeh out of office after his shocking losstoincumbent President Adama Barrow. Sudan's President Omar al-Bashir has revealed he will step down in 2020 after his term expires but that remains to be seen.

Originally posted here:
Has democracy failed in Africa? - Deutsche Welle