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Jennifer Ann "Jenny" McCarthy (born November 1, 1972)[1][2] is an American model, television host, comedic actress, author, and anti-vaccine activist. She began her career in 1993 as a nude model for Playboy magazine and was later named their Playmate of the Year. McCarthy then parlayed her Playboy fame into a television and film acting career. She was formerly a co-host on the ABC talk show The View.

McCarthy has written books about parenting, and has become an activist promoting research into environmental causes and alternative medical treatments for autism. She has claimed that vaccines cause autism[3] and that chelation therapy helped cure her son of autism.[4][5] Both claims are unsupported by medical consensus, and her son's autism diagnosis has been questioned.[5][6] McCarthy has been described as "the nations most prominent purveyor of anti-vaxxer ideology",[7] but she has denied the charge.[7]

McCarthy was born in Evergreen Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago, to a working-class Catholic family, and has Irish, German, and Polish ancestry.[8] She lived in the West Elsdon neighborhood of Chicago.[9][10] She is the second of four daughters; her sisters are named Lynette, Joanne and Amy. Melissa McCarthy is her cousin.[11][12] McCarthy's mother, Linda, was a housewife and courtroom custodian, and her father, Dan McCarthy, was a steel mill foreman.[13][14]

As a teenager, McCarthy attended Mother McAuley Liberal Arts High School (whose school sweater she donned in the pages of Playboy) and was a cheerleader at both Brother Rice High School and St. Laurence High School,[15] although she has referred to herself as an "outcast" at her school[16] and has described how she was repeatedly bullied by classmates.[17]

In 1993, Playboy magazine offered McCarthy $20,000 ($32,651 in 2014 currency) to pose for its October issue. McCarthy became the Playmate of the Month for October 1993. Playboy publisher Hugh Hefner cites McCarthy's "wholesome Catholic girl" persona as the unique quality for which she was selected out of 10,000 applicants.[18][19] Her layout emphasized her Catholic upbringing with a schoolgirl theme. According to McCarthy, the pictorial caused an uproar in her Catholic neighborhood, and resulted in her house being pelted with eggs, her sisters being taunted at school, and McCarthy, who counted Catholic nuns among her aunts, being lectured about her future damnation by those close to her.[18] McCarthy was later made the Playmate of the Year, and was paid a $100,000 salary.[18][19] In 1994, because of her newfound public attention, McCarthy moved to Los Angeles and, for a time, hosted Hot Rocks, a Playboy TV show featuring uncensored music videos.

In 1995, when MTV chose McCarthy to cohost a new dating show called Singled Out, she left Hot Rocks. Her job as a host was a success, and Playboy wanted her to do more modeling. That same year, she also appeared at World Wrestling Federation (WWF) pay-per-view event WrestleMania XI as a guest valet for villain Shawn Michaels, who faced heroic WWF Champion, Diesel. She left after the match with the victor, Diesel. McCarthy returned to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE, formerly the WWF) on the August 2, 2008 edition of Saturday Night's Main Event to thank the fans for supporting Generation Rescue, an autism advocacy organization. In 1996, she landed a small part in the comedy The Stupids. In 1997, McCarthy launched two shows. The first one was an MTV sketch comedy show The Jenny McCarthy Show, which was sufficiently popular for NBC to sign her for an eponymous sitcom later that year, Jenny. Also in 1997, she appeared on one of two covers for the September issue of Playboy (the other cover featured Pamela Anderson). McCarthy also released an autobiography: Jen-X: Jenny McCarthy's Open Book.[20]

In 1998, McCarthy's first major movie role was alongside Trey Parker and Matt Stone in the comedy BASEketball. The following year, she starred in Diamonds, a movie which was directed by her then-husband John Mallory Asher. In 2000, she had a role in the horror movie Scream 3, and three years later she parodied that role in horror film spoof Scary Movie 3 along with fellow Playmate and actress Pamela Anderson. In 2005, McCarthy produced, wrote, and starred in the movie Dirty Love, where she was again directed by her husband at the time, John Asher. In March 2006, she was given Razzie Awards for "Worst Actress", "Worst Screenplay", and "Worst Picture" for her work on Dirty Love, which also earned Asher a Razzie for "Worst Director."[21]

In addition to her early TV fame on MTV and her short-lived, self-titled NBC sitcom, McCarthy has guest starred in a variety of other television shows including Stacked, Charmed, The Drew Carey Show, Wings, Fastlane, Two and a Half Men and Just Shoot Me!.[citation needed] She was the voice of Six in the third season of Canadian computer-animated science fiction cartoon Tripping the Rift. In 2005, McCarthy hosted a show on E! called Party at the Palms. The reality show, which was filmed at The Palms Hotel in Las Vegas, featured hotel guests, party goers, and celebrities.[22]

McCarthy has continued her work with Playboy over the years, both as a model and in other capacities. She appeared on the cover of the magazine's January 2005 issue wearing a leopard skin version of the company's iconic "bunny suit" and was featured in a pictorial shot at Elvis Presley's Graceland mansion in that same issue. She was the second woman (following Carmen Electra) and first former Playmate to become a celebrity photographer for the Playboy Cyber Club, where she photographed model Jennifer Madden.[citation needed]

Jenny's younger sister Amy has also posed for Playboy. She was Cyber Girl of the Week for September 27, 2004, and Cyber Girl of the Month for January, 2005.[23]

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ZMapp is an experimental biopharmaceutical drug comprising three chimeric monoclonal antibodies under development as a treatment for Ebola virus disease. The drug was first tested in humans during the 2014 West Africa Ebola virus outbreak, but has not been subjected to a randomized controlled trial to determine whether it works, and whether it is safe enough to allow on the market.

ZMapp is under development as a treatment for Ebola virus disease.[2] It was first used experimentally to treat some people with Ebola virus disease during the 2014 West African Ebola outbreak, but as of August 2014 it had not yet been tested in a clinical trial to support widespread usage in humans; it is not known whether it is effective to treat the disease, nor if it is safe.[3][4][5]

Like intravenous immunoglobulin therapy, ZMapp contains neutralizing antibodies[6] that provide passive immunity to the virus by directly and specifically reacting with it in a "lock and key" fashion.[7]

The drug is composed of three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that have been chimerized by genetic engineering.[8] The components are chimeric monoclonal antibody c13C6 from a previously existing antibody cocktail called "MB-003" and two chimeric mAbs from a different antibody cocktail called ZMab, c2G4 and c4G7.[2]

ZMapp is manufactured in the tobacco plant Nicotiana benthamiana in the bioproduction process known as "pharming" by Kentucky BioProcessing, a subsidiary of Reynolds American.[1][9][10]

The composite drug is being developed by Leaf Biopharmaceutical (LeafBio, Inc.), a San Diego based arm of Mapp Biopharmaceutical.[11] LeafBio created ZMapp in collaboration with its parent and Defyrus Inc., each of which had developed its own cocktail of antibodies, called MB-003 and ZMab.

MB-003 is a cocktail of three humanized or humanmouse chimeric mAbs: c13C6, h13F6 and c6D8.[2] A study published in September 2012 found that rhesus macaques infected with Ebola virus (EBOV) survived when receiving MB-003 (mixture of 3 chimeric monoclonal antibodies) one hour after infection. When treated 24 or 48 hours after infection, four of six animals survived and had little to no viremia and few, if any, clinical symptoms.[12]

MB-003 was created by Mapp Biopharmaceutical, based in San Diego, with years of funding from US government agencies including the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, and the Defense Threat Reduction Agency.[1][13]

ZMAb is a mixture of three mouse mAbs: m1H3, m2G4 and m4G7.[2] A study published in November 2013 found that EBOV-infected macaque monkeys survived after being given a therapy with a combination of three EBOV surface glycoprotein (EBOV-GP)-specific monoclonal antibodies (ZMAb) within 24 hours of infection. The authors concluded that post-exposure treatment resulted in a robust immune response, with good protection for up to 10 weeks and some protection at 13 weeks.[14]

ZMab was created by Defyrus, a Toronto-based biodefense company, funded by the Public Health Agency of Canada.[15] The identification of the optimal components from MB-003 and ZMab was carried out at the Public Health Agency of Canadas National Microbiology Laboratory in Winnipeg.[16]

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Boston, Massachusetts State capital City of Boston Clockwise: Skyline of Back Bay seen from the Charles River, Fenway Park, Church of Christ, Scientist, Boston Common and the Downtown Crossing skyline, skyline of the Financial District seen from the Boston Harbor, and Massachusetts State House Nickname(s): Beantown,[1] The Hub,[1] The Cradle of Liberty, The Cradle of Modern America,[1] The Athens of America, The Walking City[1] Motto: Sicut patribus sit Deus nobis (Latin: "As God was with our fathers, so may He be with us") Boston (red) is in Suffolk County (gray+red) in the state of Massachusetts Location in the United States Coordinates: 422129N 710349W / 42.35806N 71.06361W / 42.35806; -71.06361Coordinates: 422129N 710349W / 42.35806N 71.06361W / 42.35806; -71.06361 Country United States State Massachusetts County Suffolk Historic countries Kingdom of England Kingdom of Great Britain Historic colonies Massachusetts Bay Colony, Province of Massachusetts Bay Settled (town) September 7, 1630 (date of naming, O.S.) Incorporated (city) March 4, 1822 Government Type Strong mayor council Mayor Marty Walsh (D) Council Boston City Council Area State capital 89.63sqmi (232.14km2) Land 48.42sqmi (125.41km2) Water 41.21sqmi (106.73km2) Urban 1,770sqmi (4,600km2) Metro 4,500sqmi (11,700km2) CSA 10,600sqmi (27,600km2) Elevation 141ft (43m) Population (2013)[4][5][6][7][8] State capital 645,966 [3] Density 13,340/sqmi (5,151/km2) Urban 4,180,000 (US: 10th) Metro 4,590,000 (US: 10th) CSA 7,600,000 (US: 6th) Demonym Bostonian Time zone EST (UTC-5) Summer (DST) EDT (UTC-4) ZIP code(s) 0210802137, 02163, 02196, 02199, 02201, 02203, 02204, 02205, 02206, 02210, 02211, 02212, 02215, 02217, 02222, 02228, 02241, 02266, 02283, 02284, 02293, 02295, 02297, 02298, 02467 (02467 also includes parts of Newton and Brookline) Area code(s) 617 and 857 FIPS code 25-07000 GNIS feature ID 0617565 Website cityofboston.gov

Boston (pronounced i//) is the capital and largest city[10] of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston also serves as county seat of Suffolk County. The largest city in New England, the city proper, covering 48 square miles (124km2), had an estimated population of 645,966 in 2014,[11] making it the 24th largest city in the United States.[4] The city is the anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.5million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan area in the country.[7] Greater Boston as a commuting region[12] is home to 7.6million people, making it the sixth-largest Combined Statistical Area in the United States.[8][13]

One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan colonists from England.[14] It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon American independence from Great Britain, the city continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub, as well as a center for education and culture. Through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history helps attract many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone attracting over 20million visitors.[17] Boston's many "firsts" include the United States' first public school, Boston Latin School (1635),[18] and first subway system (1897).

The area's many colleges and universities make Boston an international center of higher education and medicine, and the city is considered to be a world leader in innovation for a variety of reasons.[20][21] Boston's economic base also includes finance,[22] professional and business services, and government activities.[23] The city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States,[24] though it remains high on world livability rankings.[25]

Boston's early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine (after its "three mountains"only traces of which remain today) but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, from which several prominent colonists had come. The renaming, on September 7, 1630 (old style), was by Puritan colonists from England,[26] who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was initially limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River and connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. The peninsula is known to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC.[27]

In 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colony's first governor, John Winthrop, led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history; America's first public school was founded in Boston in 1635.[18] Over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their native allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British North America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid 18th century.[29]

Many of the crucial events of the American Revolutionthe Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, Paul Revere's "midnight ride", the battles of Lexington and Concord and Bunker Hill, the Siege of Boston, and many othersoccurred in or near Boston. After the Revolution, Boston's long seafaring tradition helped make it one of the world's wealthiest international ports, with rum, fish, salt, and tobacco being particularly important.[31]

The Embargo Act of 1807, adopted during the Napoleonic Wars, and the War of 1812 significantly curtailed Boston's harbor activity. Although foreign trade returned after these hostilities, Boston's merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the city's economy, and by the mid-19th century, the city's industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance. Until the early 20th century, Boston remained one of the nation's largest manufacturing centers and was notable for its garment production and leather-goods industries.[32] A network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense network of railroads furthered the region's industry and commerce.

During this period Boston flourished culturally as well, admired for its rarefied literary life and generous artistic patronage,[34][35] with members of old Boston familieseventually dubbed Boston Brahminscoming to be regarded as the nation's social and cultural elites. Boston also became a center of the abolitionist movement.[37] The city reacted strongly to the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850,[38] contributing to President Franklin Pierce's attempt to make an example of Boston after the Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case.[39][40]

In 1822,[41] the citizens of Boston voted to change the official name from "the Town of Boston" to "the City of Boston", and on March 4, 1822, the people of Boston accepted the charter incorporating the City.[42] At the time Boston was chartered as a city, the population was about 46,226, while the area of the city was only 4.7 square miles (12km2).[42]

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