T oday, the battle lines over immigration policy are sharply defined. In the last two years, Donald Trumps rise has drawn attention to the Republican Partys lurch toward the right. Opposition to current levels of immigration, illegal and otherwise, has taken on a tone that is stridently populist, even reactionary.
Meanwhile on the left, big-city mayors and blue-state legislatures are declaring sanctuaries for undocumented residents. Democrats have criticized not just Trumps limitations on refugees, travelers from Muslim countries, and H-1B visas, but also his stepped-up enforcement of existing immigration laws. While liberals and progressives have stopped short of endorsing open borders, theyve come to treat opposition to illegal immigration and constraints on illegal immigration as unacceptable, even racist.
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In academia and the media, Trumpism is receiving plenty of attention. Yet the Democrats new default position that opposition to illegal immigration and constraints on legal immigration are virtually unacceptable is just as extreme, certainly by historic standards. The shift in the liberal perspective has just received far less scrutiny.
Not long ago, liberals and progressives felt far more conflicted about immigration. Within living memory, a powerful labor movement favored limits on immigration and fought against the reviled Bracero guest worker program, which began during World War II and was finally ended in 1964. At times, labor organizer Cesar Chavez supported the arrest and deportation of illegal farm workers. His union, whose members were predominantly of Mexican origin, viewed these interlopers from Mexico as strike-breakers and scabs.
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Today, progressive unions like the Service Employees International Union are prepared to support some form of guest worker program. In general, todays labor unions have come to accept that sovereign states, including the United States, either cannot or will not control national borders, and that this new status quo must be embraced. Meanwhile, multiculturalism has become a more powerful force within the Democratic Party and American society than labor solidarity. Any liberal restraint on immigration tradition has disappeared.
More than any other contemporary issue, the debate over immigration relies heavily on historical analogy. Progressives bolster their case by invoking Americas history as a nation of immigrants and pointing to Americas shameful neglect of Jewish refugees from Nazi Europe.
Yet historical analogies can be misleading. Take the Statue of Liberty. Immigration advocates repeatedly invoke its evocative image to make their point. Yet instead of beckoning newcomers hither with her lamp beside the Golden Door, Lady Liberty was intended by her French donors embattled antimonarchical republicans as a tribute to what was then the worlds only successful republic. Far from inviting freedom-loving peoples around the world to the United States, Lady Libertys torch was intended to inspire them to stay put and establish republics of their own.
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Just as todays opposition to high levels of immigration is presumed to be rooted in prejudice and racism, so too are these same motives attributed to post-World War I policies that curtailed immigration and imposed national-origin quotas. To be sure, some immigration restrictionists at that time did rely on racist arguments. Yet historians paint a much more nuanced picture of that era.
In her examination of a 25-year battle to enact a literacy test, Harvard economic historian Claudia Goldin observes that the idea gained momentum because immigration in the 1890s had shifted to ethnic and national groups whose schooling levels and living standards were distinctly below those of previous groups. She concludes that this flood of immigrants eventually did result in large negative effects on the wages of native-born workers.
Likewise, in a 2005 Oxford University Press book on global migration, economic historians Timothy J. Hatton and Jeffrey G. Williamson emphasize the importance of labor market fundamentals. A stream of illiterate migrants from Southern and Eastern Europe was facilitated by the advent of steamship travel, rendering the trans-Atlantic voyage safer, faster, and cheaper. The resulting declining positive selection also translated into increasing numbers of men arriving without families who did not intend to remain, but rather to save money and eventually return home. These birds of passage posed challenges involving neighborhood stability, community cohesion, social disorder, and crime.
Arguing that the low and declining quality of the immigrants arriving between 1890 and 1930 provoked subsequent restrictions, Hatton and Williamson conclude that racism and xenophobia do not seem to have been at work in driving the evolution of policy toward potential European immigrants. Nativists armed with racial and ethnic arguments did attempt to win trade unionists to their cause. But according to the British scholar A.T. Lane, careful examination of the columns of many labor journals has produced few examples of racist thinking applied to immigration.
In the early 20th century, the possible effect of large-scale immigration upon the labor market was the subject of spirited debate, including among labor advocates. Today, at least in progressive circles, even raising the question is nearly verboten.
A century ago, some progressives also raised legitimate concerns about the impact of mass immigration on national cohesion. The tensions between different national-origin groups in the United States noticeably deepened as World War I approached. Contrary to the reigning view that Germans were the object of unfounded prejudice and mistreatment while the Allies fought with the kaiser, historians have presented ample evidence that Germans in America openly displayed intemperate sympathy for the Fatherland.
In November 1915, the young Reinhold Niebuhr a Lutheran pastor in Detroit, a son of German immigrants, and later a renowned liberal theologian complained in a November 1915 letter to a mentor: Among the ministers here at least and among many that I know of in other parts there is no real interest in the welfare of this country and no genuine American patriotism. He continued, Every aspect of German life and culture is glorified and practically every aspect of American life is ridiculed.
Foreign conflicts echoed in American streets. In cities like Chicago, Polish immigrants sided with formally neutral America and vehemently opposed their German neighbors vociferous support for their ancestral homeland. Meanwhile, Irish immigrants and their American-born relatives sided with Germany and opposed Americas implicit support for Britain and the Allies. Not surprisingly, once America entered the war against Germany, such voices in support of the kaiser greatly diminished. But they did not disappear completely, nor did the sentiments behind them evidence that, upon their arrival on these shores, immigrant identities did not immediately dissolve into a melting pot of Americanism.
In the opening decades of the last century there was a variety of reasons why Americans of an enlightened liberal bent might have supported limits on mass immigration. Whats striking about todays debate, at least on the political left, is its unwillingness to entertain that possibility. At some point, a broad commitment to multiculturalism, and to sheltering beleaguered people from around the world, came into conflict with the labor movements past apprehensions about an influx of low-skilled labor, and the latter lost out. Unskilled immigrants have also become the steady, pliable providers of services for busy, upper-middle-class professionals a group that increasingly dominates the Democratic ranks.
Liberal and progressive thinkers dont seem to realize how far their position has shifted, even as policy elites describe the demographic consequences of mass immigration in blithely sweeping terms. We are transforming ourselves, declared Doris Meissner, the nations top immigration official under Bill Clinton, on many occasions. Rodolfo de la Garza of Columbia University has a telling subtitle for his recent book: US Immigration in the Twenty-First Century: Making Americans, Remaking America.
In practice, such a transformative project was bound to have serious repercussions. In September 1919, a strike by the predominantly Irish police force in Boston helped propel the taciturn Yankee governor of Massachusetts, Calvin Coolidge, to Washington and eventually the White House. Nearly a century later, a populist running on a fiercely restrictionist platform won enough votes in Democratic Rust Belt states to claim the presidency. Trump, no doubt, played to racial sentiments. But he also saw something his opponents didnt: that even if Democrats refuse to acknowledge some of the complexities of immigration, many voters still see a need for limits.
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Opposing immigration wasn't always racist - The Boston Globe