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ACHIN, Afghanistan A recurring rumble of explosions echoes off the barren, boulder-strewn slopes of the Spin Ghar mountains, each ordnance aimed wishfully at redoubts where Islamic State militants are suspectedof hiding. Afghan and U.S. special forces listen in on enemy chatter, intercepting dozens of their radio channels. American AC-130 gunships and F-16 fighter jets whir in circles overhead, at low altitude, waiting for strike orders. Soldiers on the ground man the mortars.

The operation against the Islamic State in Khorasan or ISIS-K, as the Syria-based groups Afghan contingent is known is now into its fourth month of unremitting warfare. The U.S. military has pledged toannihilate the group by years end, and the redoubled assault has contributed to a spike in U.S. airstrikes tolevels not seen in Afghanistan since President Barack Obamas troop surge in 2012. One in five of those strikes is against ISIS-K, despite it controlling only slivers of mountainous territory.

The battle is lopsided, but each day the front line here in Achin district moves back only slightly. Both local intelligence officials and the U.S. military believe that ISIS-K is replenishing its stock of fighters almost as quickly as it loses them. A sense that this may be an indefinite mission has set in.

Soon after its founding in 2014, ISIS-K descended into this district and established it as its stronghold. Entire villages emptied as word of the groups mercilessness spread. Fighters infamously strapped defiant local clerics to explosives and filmed their detonations. For nearly three years, ISIS-K held firm not just in the Spin Ghars but in the vacated villages in the fertile valley beneath them.

[Two Americans killed battling ISIS in Syria]

In April, the U.S. military dropped its largest non-nuclear bomb, a MOAB nicknamed the mother of all bombs on a cave complex in one of Achins valleys, known as the Momand. It is unclear how many fighters, if any, were killed. The MOAB which felt so forceful that every ant in the valley mustve died, said one villager was followed by weeks of airstrikes on compounds that ISIS-K fighters had held for two years.

On a recent trip up the valley, the bodies of at least four were still there, lying in abandoned fields overgrown with wild cannabis. The corpses were mostly just bones after months in the sun.

Over the past three years, ISIS-K has succeeded in carrying out ghastly attacks in both Afghanistan and Pakistan. But as Islamic State territory in Iraq and Syria is whittled away, coalition forces here are worried that Afghanistans notoriously ungovernable eastern provinces could become a safe haven for fleeing fighters and a new staging ground for attacks on the West.

We believe that ISIS-K is not currently able to launch attacks because they are essentially being hunted, said Capt. William Salvin, spokesman for the U.S. military here. But he did not refute the assessment of a local Afghan intelligence officer in Achin, who spoke on a condition of anonymity because he was not authorized to speak to the media: In terms of numbers, ISIS-K has not been severely reduced. The battle is looking more like one of attrition.

[Head of ISIS in Afghanistan killed in drone strike, U.S. officials say]

While the Pentagon maintains that ISIS-K is down to about 1,000 fighters across Afghanistan, from a high of 2,500 in 2015, the Afghan intelligence officer surmised that there were more than 1,000 in Achin district alone.

The fierceconflict also is scattering fighters across a wider swath of the mountainous east, ensuring a longer, more dispersed mission.Last week, the Pentagon announced that aU.S. drone strike killed Abu Sayed, ISIS-Ks leader, or emir. That took place in neighboring Konar province, indicating that the fighting has spread at least that far.

Most of ISIS-Ks fighters are thought to be Pashtuns, with few, if any, coming from Iraq and Syria. According to Salvin, the United States sees ISIS-K as more of anauthorized franchise of ISIS-main than the Islamic States operation in Libya, which is more closely tied to the fighting in the Middle East. Instead, Afghan analysts say, ISIS-K derives much of its support from Pakistans military establishment.

In Nangahar, it is Pakistans game, said Davood Moradian, director of the Afghan Institute for Strategic Studies, referring to the province in which Achin is located. Pakistan has launched its own military operation against Islamist militants on its side of the Spin Ghar range, but Moradian was skeptical that they shared the goal of the groups elimination.

Pakistans military operation against Daesh an alternate name for the Islamic State is more of a disciplinary mission: Stop your internal disagreements and concentrate on the target weve agreed upon, namely, the Afghan state, he said.

Pakistan has always denied playing a destabilizing role in Afghanistan, but its neighbors ongoing instability has proved hugely lucrative for Pakistans military, which has ruled the country for almost half its 70-year existence. George W. Bushs and Barack Obamas administrations gave the Pakistanis a combined $33.4billion in aid, and there is little evidence their support for Afghan militants has stopped.

Members of the U.S. Congress have been calling for years for a drastic reduction or elimination of security assistance to Pakistan, as well as ending its status as a major non-NATO ally or even designating it as a state sponsor of terrorism.

[U.S. poised to expand military effort against Taliban in Afghanistan]

Defense Secretary Jim Mattis has said that the Trump administrations new Afghanistan strategy, expected this month, will have aregional component, but it is unclear if that means a curtailment of U.S. aid to Pakistan. In fact, a hostile Pakistan might well pose a greater threat to the U.S. mission here.

Even so, exasperation toward Pakistan runs high here.

That people are even asking the question Should the U.S. stop giving money to Pakistan? shows the silliness of the discourse in Washington, said Moradian. It is like asking if we should stop giving heroin to an addict. Of course. It is the very first thing you must do. Otherwise, you will keep fighting permutations of the same adversary here for eternity.

During a recentmeeting of his full national security team, President Trump reportedly focused on Pakistans role in harboring Islamist militants, and national security adviser H.R. McMaster pressed for a more punitive approach.

Among the Momand Valleys former residents, the belief thatPakistan wants to destroy Afghanistan is near universal. People eagerly share conspiratorial evidence of Pakistans hand in their calamity. Daesh leaders all speak Punjabi, one of Pakistans main languages; their long hair and beards are just wigs supplied by the Pakistani government; one man said that he had seen fighters swimming in the Momand River, and one had a big Pakistani flag tattooed on his biceps.

Many of these peoples homes were destroyed by U.S. airstrikes because they were suspected of being used by ISIS-K as hideouts. Most shops in Shadal Bazaar, the valleys main market, were reduced to rubble, too, although the fighting is now far enough into the mountains that some butchers and barbers have dared to rebuild.

[The Islamic State has tunnels everywhere. Its making ISIS much harder to defeat.]

Yet the Momand Valley possesses a mesmerizing beauty that makes those who fled yearn to return. If they do, they will find the evidence of ISIS-Ks presence not just in their ruined homes but in the few that were left standing. ISIS-K converted Kitab Guls home into a prison, for instance, and the disturbingly small cages in which they locked those accused of petty crimes such as smoking cigarettes are still lying about. The Afghan army has requisitioned Guls home as a lookout post.

Despite the U.S. bombing of their homes, and despite U.S. support for Pakistan, locals were largely positive about the campaign to annihilate ISIS-K.

They are not Muslim. Their only religion is cruelty, and there is nothing crueler than what they have done to us, said Mir Jamal, a proud but exhausted father of nine who has spent two years loading trucks for meager sums since escaping his village with nothing but the clothes on his back. When fighters swept into the valley, Jamals brother and elderly father stayed behind to protect their home. They were caught. His brothers forearm was burned with embers from a fire, and he was waterboarded. His father was pitilessly beaten and now barely speaks.

My father had red cheeks. He prayed five times a day. He had a big chest, and he farmed late into his life, said Jamal, fighting back emotion.How can we ever accept Daesh?

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Behind the front lines in the fight to 'annihilate' ISIS in Afghanistan - Washington Post