This article is about the 44th president of the United States.    For his father, see Barack Obama, Sr.    
    Barack Hussein Obama II (i/ /; born August 4,    1961) is the 44th and current President of the United    States, and the first African    American to hold the office. Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama is a graduate of    Columbia University and Harvard    Law School, where he served as president of the Harvard    Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago    before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney and    taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law    School from 1992 to 2004. He served three terms    representing the 13th District in the Illinois    Senate from 1997 to 2004, running unsuccessfully for the United States House of    Representatives in 2000.  
    In 2004, Obama received national attention during his campaign to    represent Illinois in the United States Senate with his    victory in the March Democratic Party    primary, his keynote    address at the Democratic National    Convention in July, and his election to the Senate in    November. He began his presidential campaign in 2007 and, after    a close    primary campaign against Hillary Rodham Clinton in 2008, he    won sufficient delegates in the Democratic    Party primaries to receive the presidential nomination. He    then defeated Republican nominee    John McCain    in the general    election, and was inaugurated as    president on January 20, 2009. Nine months after his    election, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate.  
    During his first two years in office, Obama signed into law    economic stimulus legislation in    response to the Great Recession in the form of the    American    Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 and the     Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job    Creation Act of 2010. Other major domestic initiatives in    his first term included the Patient Protection    and Affordable Care Act, often referred to as "Obamacare";    the DoddFrank    Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act; and the    Don't Ask,    Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010. In foreign policy, Obama    ended U.S. military    involvement in the Iraq War, increased U.S. troop levels in    Afghanistan,    signed the New    START arms control treaty with Russia, ordered U.S. military involvement    in Libya, and ordered the military operation that resulted    in the death of Osama bin Laden. In    November 2010, the    Republicans regained control of the House of    Representatives as the Democratic Party lost a total of 63    seats; and, after a lengthy debate over federal spending and    whether or not to raise the nation's debt limit, Obama signed    the Budget Control Act of 2011 and    the American Taxpayer Relief    Act of 2012.  
    Obama was re-elected    president in November 2012, defeating Republican nominee    Mitt    Romney, and was sworn in for a second    term on January 20, 2013. During his second term, Obama has    promoted domestic policies related to gun control in response    to the Sandy Hook    Elementary School shooting, and has called for full    equality for LGBT Americans, while his administration    has filed briefs which urge the Supreme    Court to strike down the Defense    of Marriage Act of 1996 and California's Proposition 8 as unconstitutional. In foreign    policy, Obama has continued the process of ending U.S. combat    operations in Afghanistan.  
    Obama was born on August 4, 1961,[2]    at Kapiolani Maternity &    Gynecological Hospital (now Kapiolani    Medical Center for Women and Children) in Honolulu, Hawaii,[3][4][5] and    would become the first President to have been born in    Hawaii.[6] His    mother, Stanley    Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, and was of mostly English    ancestry.[7] His    father, Barack Obama, Sr., was a Luo from Nyangoma Kogelo, Kenya. Obama's parents    met in 1960 in a Russian class at the University    of Hawaii at Mnoa, where his father was a foreign student    on scholarship.[8][9]    The couple married in Wailuku on Maui on February 2, 1961,[10][11] and    separated when, in late August 1961, Obama's mother moved with    their newborn son to attend the University of Washington in    Seattle for one year. In the meantime, Obama, Sr. completed his    undergraduate economics degree in Hawaii in June 1962, then    left to attend graduate school at Harvard    University on a scholarship. Obama's parents divorced in    March 1964.[12] Obama    Sr. returned to Kenya in 1964 where he remarried; he visited    Barack in Hawaii only once, in 1971.[13] He    died in an automobile accident in 1982 when his son was 21    years old.[14]  
    In 1963, Dunham met Lolo Soetoro, an Indonesian EastWest Center graduate student in    geography at the University of Hawaii, and the couple were    married on Molokai    on March 15, 1965.[15] After    two one-year extensions of his J-1 visa, Lolo returned to Indonesia in 1966,    followed sixteen months later by his wife and stepson in 1967,    with the family initially living in a Menteng Dalam    neighborhood in the Tebet subdistrict of south Jakarta, then from 1970 in    a wealthier neighborhood in the Menteng subdistrict of central Jakarta.[16] From    ages six to ten, Obama attended local Indonesian-language    schools: St. Francis of Assisi Catholic School for two years    and Besuki Public School    for one and a half years, supplemented by English-language    Calvert    School homeschooling by his mother.[17]  
    In 1971, Obama returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal    grandparents, Madelyn and Stanley Dunham, and with the aid of    a scholarship attended Punahou School, a private college preparatory school,    from fifth grade until his graduation from high school in    1979.[18] Obama    lived with his mother and sister in Hawaii for three years from    1972 to 1975 while his mother was a graduate student in    anthropology at the University of    Hawaii.[19] Obama    chose to stay in Hawaii with his grandparents for high school    at Punahou when his mother and sister returned to Indonesia in    1975 to begin anthropology field work.[20] His    mother spent most of the next two decades in Indonesia,    divorcing Lolo in 1980 and earning a PhD in 1992, before dying    in 1995 in Hawaii following treatment for ovarian    cancer and uterine cancer.[21]  
    Of his early childhood, Obama recalled, "That my father looked    nothing like the people around methat he was black as pitch,    my mother white as milkbarely registered in my mind."[9]    He described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social    perceptions of his multiracial heritage.[22]    Reflecting later on his years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: "The    opportunity that Hawaii offeredto experience a variety of    cultures in a climate of mutual respectbecame an integral part    of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most    dear."[23] Obama    has also written and talked about using alcohol, marijuana,    and cocaine during    his teenage years to "push questions of who I was out of my    mind".[24] Obama    was also a member of the "choom gang", a self-named group of    friends that spent time together and occasionally smoked    marijuana.[25][26]  
    Following high school, Obama moved to Los Angeles in 1979 to    attend Occidental College. In February 1981,    he made his first public speech, calling for Occidental to    participate in the disinvestment from South    Africa in response to that nation's policy of apartheid.[27]    In mid-1981, Obama traveled to Indonesia to visit his mother    and half-sister Maya, and visited the families of college    friends in Pakistan and India for three weeks.[27]    Later in 1981, he transferred as a junior to Columbia College,    Columbia University in New York City, where he majored in    political science with a specialty in    international relations[28] and    graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1983. He worked for a year    at the Business    International Corporation,[29] then    at the New York Public    Interest Research Group.[30][31]  
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