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The crisis on our southern border is a self-inflicted disaster that the White House and congressional Democrats refuse to acknowledge. While they may not take this catastrophe seriously, my Republican colleagues on the House Oversight Committee do. Thats why we visited the border last month to see the situation for ourselves.

Our experience evoked a wide range of emotions: Heart breaking instances of young, unaccompanied children abandoned at the border. The fear and trauma of our citizens living along the border who are confronted with the drug and human trafficking operations of murderous cartels. The frustration of American citizens who feel their government has betrayed them.

Whats happening on our border is unprecedented. We are on track for more illegal border crossings in 2021 than any time in the past 15 years perhaps ever. Illegal drug seizures this year are already up 600 percent compared to all of 2020. Migrant holding facilities are at several times their capacity, requiring the government to construct new facilities on military bases like Fort Bliss.

Border agents are being taken off patrols to address the exploding number of children, leaving huge swaths of the border unguarded. They still monitor large groups of so-called get-aways illegal immigrants who swarm remote parts of the border but cant be stopped due to a lack of manpower. When confronted, agents are required to report large groups as 20+.

This January and February, there were over 61,000 reported get-aways. A staggering figure, but agents confirmed these groups are often much larger than just 20+. Some number 40, 60, many are as high as 80, but because theyre logged as 20+, the reported totals are lower. Agents estimate the real number in January and February was probably closer to 120,000.

Left unchecked, were looking at 750,000 get-aways this year alone. These are not asylum-seekers surrendering at a crossing station. These are dangerous criminals, drug smugglers, human traffickers, and terrorists willing to do anything to get into America and do harm. This isnt a border state problem its an unfolding national disaster of unprecedented scope with terrible implications for years to come.

Yet the Biden administration and my colleagues across the aisle refuse to even acknowledge the problem. So far, neither the president nor vice president have bothered to visit the border.

We can stop this manufactured crisis.

First, we need to complete the border wall with the construction materials laying idle in the desert. President BidenJoe BidenCensus results show White House doubling down on failure Poll: Americans back new spending, tax hikes on wealthy, but remain wary of economic impact True immigration reform requires compromise from both sides of the aisle MORE used to think the border wall was a good idea. Its time he stops cowing to the radical elements within his party and do what he knows is right.

Second, end the practice of Catch and Release, and reimplement the Migrant Protection Protocols that proved so successful in reducing the numbers of border incursions. Officials shared with us that only 10-12 percent of people who come here seeking asylum have legitimate cases and the rest are sent back. By requiring them to remain in Mexico while their asylum requests are adjudicated, the roughly 90 percent who know their cases are bogus wont risk the journey. And those with legitimate cause to seek asylum will have it granted more expeditiously. That would be the humane course of action.

We are, indeed, a nation of immigrants. Many industries in Florida including agriculture, hospitality and construction, depend on a steady flow of legal immigrants in order to function. But for us to remain the worlds brightest beacon of hope, we must acknowledge that a fundamental part of what makes America so attractive is our adherence to the rule of law.

Honest, law abiding citizens like the Johnsons, the Coopers, and others we met at the border asked us to tell their story. But they also want our government to know they arent looking for special consideration. These are tough people who simply want the opportunity to live and work their land in peace and security without living in fear. They want to know we will not forget about them. We promised to share their story. We must not let them down.

Scott Franklin represents Floridas 15th District and is a member of the Committee on Oversight and Reform.

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The Biden border crisis is a self-inflicted disaster that can be solved | TheHill - The Hill

Two stories in Yasmin Khans cookbook Ripe Figs tell of the power of food.

In the first, Khan recounts how Greek volunteers started bringing containers of food for migrants who were sleeping in a park but insisted on the food being homemade. We wanted to convey the message that somebody cares about you. Cares enough to spend their afternoon baking a cake that smells or feels like home, said Nadina Christopoulou, one of the founders of the initiative.

Second is the story of Home for All, a restaurant on the banks of a fishing port on the edge of the Gulf of Yera in Lesbos, where, every day, 40 immigrants are brought from some of the most violent refugee camps to eat at a restaurant that is bright, communal, and full of life. Being able to eat in this comfort, at a table, with proper cutlery it restores peoples dignity, it reminds them who they are. It makes them feel like home, said Katerina Katsouris, who co-owns Home for All with her husband.

Those acts of care are what inspired Khan, the chef and author of Zaitoon, to take a trip to Greece, Turkey and Cyprus to cook in refugee camps. She saw how ones humanity can be restored over a plate of food, a glass of wine, a conversation at a shared table. The cookbook focuses on the similarities between the foods from each place. That way, writes Khan, you can begin to see similarities where political borders insist upon division and difference.

You say you want this book to open peoples eyes to the migrant crisis. Why did you think a cookbook would be a good place to bring this topic alive?

Food is an incredibly powerful vehicle for helping us understand ourselves, and the world around us. When you learn about food, you dont just learn about a set of ingredients. You learn about history, geography, migration. For many years I was a human rights campaigner, working on issues ranging from police shootings to the blockade of Gaza. What I learned was when youre trying to raise awareness of quite heavy political issues, the most important thing to do is to try and build a connection. Food is such a wonderful way of connecting people, because its so visceral, something we can all relate to.

In the US and the UK, theres often an attitude around migration that We dont have enough. You find people who really dont have much opening their arms and not just saying, Were going to give you a sandwich, but Were going to make sure every single thing we give you is homemade. Talk to me about that difference.

Turkey is the biggest recipient of refugees in the world: there are 3.6 million refugees in Turkey. In 2020, the US, settled just under 12,000. The way refugees and migrants have been used as scapegoats by political leaders on both sides of the Atlantic doesnt really reflect the numbers of people moving to these countries, nor the fact that migration is just an essential part of what it means to be human. Throughout our history, weve always moved for our survival.

You mention in the book that you chose recipes from Greek, Cyprus and Turkey to focus on similarities between places where governments insist on seeing difference.

Absolutely. Borders are completely a man-made construct. The very notion of nation states is a very recent one in human history were looking at a few hundred years, mostly. I just wanted to pull right back and look at the region, where we dont see artificial lines and try to, yes, celebrate the commonalities.

You believe in open borders.

We do have open borders for a section of society. The rich can move very easily. Cyprus is a classic example: on the one hand, youve got refugees making perilous journeys on choppy waters and small boats, trying to get to the island and then potentially being put in a camp. And then, for others, there are [investor citizenship schemes] where, if you invest 2m into Cyprus, you can buy a European passport.

In a lot of western democracies, especially in the US and the UK, theres often a presumption that good food is a luxurious or a middle-class preoccupation a rich people thing. What do you think of that mindset?

Im of mixed heritage: my moms from Iran, my dads from Pakistan. My family are small-scale farmers in the north of Iran. Food is such a huge occasion for celebration in my family. Every meal whether breakfast, lunch or dinner is one of the highlights of the day.

Sometimes people ask me, wasnt it difficult talking to people about food in this really challenging circumstance? No, of course it wasnt, it was really fun! In [some places], people live to eat and the concept of food is about a broader concept of community. Thats wonderful. Food is like a universal language that enables you to communicate feelings of empathy, of connection, of hope, of love.

What do you hope this book will open peoples eyes to?

That there isnt some kind of migration crisis this is just what happens when you put up fences and walls. It is the wrong response. As long as humans have existed, we have travelled, and migration has been an intrinsic part of survival. I just hope the book fosters greater understanding and empathy for refugees and migrants so that we can start co-existing in a shared planet, in the way we deserve to.

This is one of those punchy pantry recipes that is easy to whip up as a midweek meal and takes its inspiration from a traditional Greek dish of beans baked in a tomato sauce. What gives this dish its unique flavor is the paprika (I add both the smoked and sweet versions, not the hot and spicy type), which adds a richness and earthiness that I find irresistible. I alternate between sprinkling crumbled feta on top of this dish and having it plain, as its just as delicious without. Serve warm or at room temperature.

Prep 10 minCook 65 minServes 4 as part of a mezze or 2-3 as a main course

3 tbsp vegetable oil1 small onion, finely chopped 2 garlic cloves, crushed1 x 400g tin of diced plum tomatoes1 tsp granulated sugar1 tsp dried oregano1 tsp sweet paprika tsp smoked paprika tsp ground cinnamon2 x 425g tins of lima beans, drained and rinsed200ml just-boiled water3 tbsp extra-virgin olive oil1 tbsp finely chopped dill, plus more to serve1 tbsp finely chopped parsley leaves, plus more to serve100g feta cheese, crumbled (optional)Salt Black pepper

Heat the vegetable oil in a large saucepan. Add the onion and gently fry over medium heat for 12 to 15 minutes until soft. Add the garlic and cook for another few minutes, then add the tomatoes, sugar, oregano, both types of paprika, cinnamon, 1 teaspoon salt, and a generous grind of black pepper. Cover and simmer for 15 minutes.

Add the beans to the tomato sauce with the hot water and another teaspoon salt. Cover and cook over low heat for 30 minutes.

Stir in the extra-virgin olive oil and herbs and cook for a final five minutes. Taste, adjust the seasoning, and sprinkle with more herbs, and crumbled feta if you fancy it, just before serving.

This is an easy chicken sheet pan recipe inspired by a Syrian meal I ate at Reem, a restaurant on the Greek island of Lesvos run by Mahmud Talli. A Syrian doctor who managed to escape the war, Mahmud found himself trapped on the island after seeking refuge there, and soon put all his efforts into helping to provide services for new arrivals to Lesvos volunteering at a local community kitchen and establishing his restaurant. This sticky roasted leg of chicken can be marinated ahead of time and just popped into the oven shortly before eating. If you dont want to use chicken thighs, this also works with a whole chicken, jointed into eight pieces.

Prep and marinate 3 hr 30 minCook 35 minServes 4

8 large chicken thighs, skin-on, bone-in3 tbsp olive oil3 tbsp pomegranate molasses1 tbsp tomato paste tsp ground allspice2 tsp pul biber (Aleppo pepper)1 tsp sumac tsp ground cumin2 big garlic cloves, crushedSalt Black pepper

Place the chicken in a large bowl and pour all the ingredients (except the olive oil) over it with 1 teaspoons salt and teaspoon black pepper. Using your hands, massage this into the chicken until it is evenly coated, then cover and place in the refrigerator to marinate for at least 3 hours.

When you are ready to eat, take the chicken out of the refrigerator and let it come to room temperature (this will take about 20 minutes).

Preheat the oven to 200C/390F/gas 6.

Place the chicken on a rimmed baking sheet and drizzle with the olive oil. Transfer the sheet to the oven and roast for about 35 minutes, or until the juices from the chicken run clear when it is pierced at the thickest part.

A zesty, herb-packed potato salad, perfect for serving alongside grilled meats or fish. Try to use kalamata olives here, but, if you cant find those, just aim for the olives to be oily rather than briny in these dishes. Be sure to toss the dressing in while the potatoes are still warm, as they absorb the flavors better.

Prep 10 minCook 12 minServes 4

1kg Cyprus or new potatoes1 medium unwaxed lemon, finely zested red onion, finely sliced60g black olives, pitted and roughly chopped2 tbsp capers, drained and rinsed

1 tsp dried oregano3 tbsp extra-virgin olive oil2 tbsp lemon juicehandful of mint leaves, finely choppedhandful of cilantro, finely choppedSalt Black pepper

Cut the potatoes into large (5cm) chunks. I like to leave the skins on, but remove them if you prefer.

Bring a large saucepan of water to a boil. Add 1 teaspoon salt and the potatoes to the pot and boil for about 12 minutes until they are soft. Drain and place in a serving bowl.

Add all the remaining ingredients along with teaspoon salt and a generous grind of black pepper.

Recipes reprinted from Ripe Figs: Recipes and Stories from Turkey, Greece, and Cyprus, published by W W Norton & Company

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Yasmin Khans new recipes: cooking in refugee camps from Greece, Turkey and Cyprus - The Guardian

Audio articles on Wilson County News made possible by Witte's Bar-B-Que Steaks & Catering in La Vernia, "home of the chicken fried ribeye!"

A dozen South Texas counties have declared a state of disaster due to the growing illegal immigration crisis. Announcing that health, life and property [are under] imminent threat, beleaguered officials say the influx of border crossers is cannibalizing their limited resources.

This is getting crazier and crazier and crazier, said Uvalde Mayor Don McLaughlin Jr., who reported numerous chases had occurred in his town over a 15-minute span on a recent evening.

Even counties that have yet to declare emergencies encounter daily run-ins with daredevil coyotes and their illegal alien cargo. A high-speed chase in West Texas last month ended in the backyard of the Presidio County sheriffs home. As with most such pursuits, migrants bailed out and eluded authorities.

Motels in rural communities are filling up with asylum-seeking migrants. The federal government and social-service agencies like Endeavors pay for their transportation, room, and board. But local hospitals, schools, and law enforcement, left to fend for themselves, are straining to the breaking point. There has been no surge in assistance for border counties, Jackson County Sheriff A.J. Louderback told a congressional delegation in the Rio Grande Valley town of Edinburg last month.

Far beyond the border, 90-plus illegal aliens were found crammed inside a Houston home last week, apparent victims of a human-smuggling operation. Days before, 33 Guatemala nationals turned up in a stash house in Midland, a Permian Basin oil city. In San Antonio, unaccompanied minors from a migrant detention center were reportedly released to traffickers.

If, through its feckless and reckless policies, the U.S. government has become the logistics arm of the cartels, as Rep. Andy Biggs, R-Ariz., suggested in Edinburg, Texans and migrants are paying a terrible price.

Gov. Greg Abbott has not declared a statewide emergency and declined to activate National Guard units requested by the disaster-declaring jurisdictions. But the Republican did direct all 254 counties to submit an accounting of illegal alien-related costs, which he will forward to Washington for reimbursement. (Good luck with that.)

Before Joe Biden moved into the White House, FAIR [Federation for American Immigration Reform] estimated that illegal immigration cost the Lone Star State more than $11 billion a year. As Texas counties count their expenses from this ongoing border crisis, the tab has nowhere to go but up.

This article originally appeared at http://www.immigrationreform.com. Reprinted with permission.

reader@wcn-online.com

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Texas counties declare a disaster; governor will send Biden the bill for immigration costs - Wilson County News

If the Bulgarian government is not formed by the GERB party the country will lurch from crisis to crisis, outgoing prime minister and GERB leader Boyko Borissov said on Monday.

Borissov is convinced that his political opponents in parliament cannot make decisions, are afraid to take responsibility for the government, and that such uncertainty will lead the country into a string of new crises.

Borissovs party, GERB, won the parliamentary elections in April but failed to obtain the majority required to form the next government. The party has already returned the mandate and early elections will probably take place in July.

You will now see the credit agencies ratings will start going down, interest rates will rise and we will not enter the Eurozone, then we will all regret it bitterly, Borissov warned. We saved them from the Greek crisis, from the migrant crisis, from the pandemic, he added.

According to Borissov, the goal of the new parties in parliament is to provoke a series of elections so that a caretaker government appointed by the president will run until the presidential election in the autumn.

GERB announced that the newly-elected MPs are new barbarians. The main topic of GERBs criticism was of changes to the Electoral Code passed by lawmakers late last week even though the PMs party opposed them.

(Krassen Nikolov | EURACTIV.bg)

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Borissov warns that without the GERB party, Bulgaria will enter crisis mode - EURACTIV

Adequate responses to migration flows have been increasingly hampered in Europe by policies that limit freedom of movement and foster stigmatisation of humanitarian assistance. [1,2] These policies are based on a restrictive interpretation of refugee laws, overuse of detention centres, limitation of access to health services, and criminalisation of migrants. [3-5] Even if most legal instruments recognise the right to health for all, including people on the move, the health needs of migrants remain neglected. [6] Furthermore, organisations conducting lifesaving search and rescue operations often face accusations of colluding with human traffickers. [7]

This scenario has become even more complex after the onset of the covid-19 pandemic. Firstly, border controls and measures for restricting mobility have been tightened as part of the pandemic response, with a severe impact on refugees and migrants access to adequate healthcare services and information. [7-9] Secondly, inadequate living conditions, such as overcrowded and informal housing in the countries of transit or arrival, increase the risk of contracting covid-19 as well as other infections. [10] Thirdly, pandemic-related logistical constraints caused a slowdown of search and rescue operations in the central Mediterranean Sea and formed an obstacle to provide humanitarian help for asylum seekers. Based on our experience at Mdecins Sans Frontires (MSF), search and rescue operations and health assistance during the migration journey are essential for an adequate response to migrant flows and for adequately tackling migrants health needs, including those related to the pandemic, as part of a coordinated public health approach.

Health and human rights along during migration journeys

From 3 May 2015 up to 31 December 2019, 339,476 migrants had been rescued in the central Mediterranean Sea by different stakeholders such as institutional organisations, NGOs, commercial actors including fishermen, coordinated by the Italian Coast Guard. [11] Of these, 81,186were either rescued or transferred by MSF vessels. [12] Between 1 January and the 30 September 2018, MSF rescued 3,184 people and conducted 1,385 on-board consultations. [13] The most common problems were benzene, chemical burns (86/1,385; 6.2%), wounds (70/1,385, 5.1%), hypothermia (62/1,385, 4.5%), and violence related injuries (39/1,385, 2.8%). Out of 3,184 individuals, 464 (14.6%) belonged to pre-specified categories of vulnerability: 81/464 (17.5%) were unaccompanied minors, 216/464 (46.6%) were victims of torture/ill treatment, 121/464 (26.1%) were survivors of sexual violence and 27/464 (5.8%) were possible victims of sexual trafficking. Most of them had transited via Libya, a key country for migration routes.

The EU and some member states have adopted policies that delegate the control of migrant flows, by making neighbouring countries such as Libya act as Europes de facto border guards. [14] These policies have prompted cruel detention systems and created unprecedented human suffering, with people subject to long-term detention in centres run by the Libyan interior ministry or local militias, often in inhuman conditions. [15-18] For example, it is reported that between 1 September 2018 and 31 of May 2019, at least 22 people died in Zintan and Gharyan detention centres. [19] Nutritional screening undertaken by MSF at the Sabaa detention centre (Tripoli) among 205 individuals in February 2019, found that one in four people were malnourished or underweight. [20] In 2018, MSF helped 1,783 migrants who had reached Italy after having been exposed to torture during their journey. [21] It is very likely that those forcibly returned to Libya will re-enter the same cycle of violence.

More recent data suggest that fewer search and rescue operations were conducted in 2020 than in previous years, both before and after the adoption of pandemic containment measures. The 2,300 people held in detention centres across Libya up to July 2020 were reportedly kept in overcrowded and unhygienic conditions, with poor access to food and water and no possibility to adopt covid-19 containment measures, such as physical distancing. Furthermore, visits by humanitarian organisations to detention centres have been reduced because of pandemic related movement restrictions and insecurity. [22]

Living conditions also tend to be inadequate in the European countries of transit or arrival. A survey carried out in 2015 among an estimated 10,000 migrants living in 27 informal settlements in Italy indicated that 11 settlements lacked running water, 13 electricity, two drinking water and six even toilets. The public health consequences of such situations will only be magnified during a pandemic, as essential public health measures such as social distancing, hand hygiene and self-isolation can hardly be implemented under such circumstances.

Figures from the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR, now known as UN Refugee Agency) suggest that fewer people died or went missing in the central Mediterranean Sea in 2020 (473) vs 2019 (750), with a decrease of reported death rates from 3.7% (750/20,506 departures) in 2019 to 1.4% (473/33,953 departures) in 2020. [23,24] However, this may be subject to serious underreporting because of difficulties in collecting data on migrant deaths in 2020. [25]

The decrease in humanitarian search and rescue operations, combined with the lack of any EU led activities, results in an increasingly dangerous void in the central Mediterranean, where the numbers of individuals attempting to make the journey from Libya to Europe dramatically increased in 2020 according to the UNHCR. [26,27] Furthermore, inadequate health assistance during and after the journey, either in reception centres or in informal settlements, makes it impossible to prevent, diagnose, and cure various treatable conditions and it even prevents the adoption of adequate measures to contain the pandemic. The pandemic is providing further evidence that a migrant inclusive health access approach is urgently needed in Europe. Everybody should have access to essential medical services; and during epidemics and pandemics, nobody should be left out of the outbreak response plans. Furthermore, the moral imperative of saving lives should be acknowledged by all stakeholders and policy makers and they should support efforts to rescue those attempting to reach Europe.

As European medical staff and public health specialists serving patients and communities within our own borders and beyond, we should take an ethical stand by speaking out against policies that threaten health, lives and public health, and by combating misinformation. Today more than ever, in the middle of an unprecedented pandemic, solidarity needs to reach beyond national borders. The systematic collection, analysis, sharing, and dissemination of robust and ethical data will be essential for shaping public health and human rights oriented policies, and for contributing to building an inclusive society, able to adequately respond to medical needs including in global emergencies. [28]

Claudia Lodesani, president of MSF Italy. She is an infectious disease specialist and has been working with MSF since 2002. She has coordinated the MSFs intervention for covid-19 in Italy. Twitter: @claudialode

Silvia Mancini, has been working with MSF in many developing countries carrying out epidemiological and public health evaluations. She holds a masters in public health from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

Raffaella Ravinetto, is a senior researcherand policy adviser at the Antwerp Institute of Tropical Medicine (Belgium), and a former president of MSF Italy. Twitter: @RRavinetto

Favila Escobio, family and community medicine specialist. He has been working with MSF since 2013.

Zeno Bisoffi, PhD on Medical Sciences at the University of Antwerp. Since 1 December 2017 he has been associate professor of infectious and tropical diseases, under an agreement with IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar (Verona).

Competing interests: none declared.

Acknowledgments

Thank you to Gianfranco De Maio (1960-2020) for supporting and inspiring us in our work related to humanitarian medicine.

The authors thank Marco Bertotto and the team of Mdecins Sans Frontires/Doctors Without Borders (operational centre Amsterdam) for providing data on search and rescue activity and medical consultations on board.

References:

1. Policy Department for Citizens Rights and Constitutional Affairs Directorate General for Internal Policies of the Union. Fit for purpose? The Facilitation Directive and the criminalisation of humanitarian assistance to irregular migrants: 2018 Update. Brussels: European Parliament; 2018. Available: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2018/608838/IPOL_STU(2018)608838_EN.pdfAccessed 3 January 2020.

2. United Nation Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner (OHCHR). Italy: UN experts condemn bill to fine migrant rescuers. Geneva: United Nations; 2019.Available: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=24628&LangID=EAccessed 3 December 2019.

3. Estevens J, Migration crisis in the EU: developing a framework for analysis of national security and defence strategies. Comparative Migration Studies. Issue 6. October 2018. doi: 10.1186/s40878-018-0093.

4. Esposito F, Ornelas J, Arcidiacono C. Migration-related detention centres: the challenges of an ecological perspective with a focus on justice. BMC International Health and Human Rights. 2015. 15:13doi: 10.1186/s12914-015-0052-0. Pmid: 26048135.

5. Prez Efren, Xenophobic Rhetoric and its political effects on immigrants and their co-ethnics. American Journal of Political Sciences. 30 December 2014. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12131.

6. United Nations General Assembly (2016). New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants. New York: United Nations; 2016. Available: http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/71/1 Accessed 6 August 2019.

7. Financial Times, EU border force flags concerns over charities interaction with migrant smugglersAvailable: https://www.ft.com/content/3e6b6450-c1f7-11e6-9bca-2b93a6856354and Frontex, Annual Risk Analysis 2017. Available https://frontex.europa.eu/assets/Publications/Risk_Analysis/Annual_Risk_Analysis_2017.pdfAccessed 1 April 2021

8. Kluge HHP, Jakab Z, Bartovic J, DAnna V, Severoni S, Refugee and migration health in the Covid-19 response. The Lancet. 31 March 2020. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0140-6736(20)30791-1.

9. Orcutt M, Patel P, Burns R, Hiam L, Aldridge R, Devakumar D, Kumar B, Spiegel P, Abubakar I, Global call to action for inclusion of migrants and refugees in the Covid-19 response, The Lancet. 23 April 2020. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0140-6736(20)30971-5.

10. World Health Organisation Regional Office for Europe Interim Guidance for Refugees and Migrants Health in relation to Covid-19 in WHO European Region. March 2020. Available: https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/434978/Interim-guidance-refugee-and-migrant-health-COVID-19.pdf. Accessed 23 July 2020.

11. Italian Coast Guard. Search and Rescue. Rome: Italian Coast Guard ; 2019.Available: https://www.guardiacostiera.gov.it/attivita/Pages/Ricerca.aspx Accessed 30 January 2020.

12. Mdecins sans Frontires (MSF) Saving Lives at Sea. Interactive map charts and data about MSFs search and rescue activities in the Mediterranean. Available: http://searchandrescue.msf.org/it/Accessed 20 January 2020

13. Mdecins sans Frontires (MSF)/ Doctors Without Borders (operational Centre Amsterdam) routinely collected data on Libya mission and Search and Rescue activities (SAR) 2018.

14. De Gouttry A, Capone F, Sommario E. Dealing with migrants in the Central Mediterranean Route: a legal analysis of bilateral agreements between Italy and Libya. International Migration. Volume 56. Issue 3. P. 44-60. 2017 September 26. doi: 10.1111/imig.12401.

15. Van Aelst H, The Humanitarian Consequences of European Union Immigration Policys Externalisation in Libya: The Case of Detention and its Impact on Migrants Health. BSIS -Brussels School of International Studies Journal of International Studies, Vol 8, 2011.

16. Akkerman M, Expanding the fortress. The policies, the profiteers and the people shaped by EUs border externalisation programme. Transnational Institute and Stop Wapenhandel. Amsterdam: May 2018 Available: https://www.tni.org/en/publication/expanding-the-fortress Accessed 3 December 2019.

17. European Union External Action (EEAS). EU-Libya relations. Brussels: EEAS ; 2019. Available: https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage_en/19163/EU-Libya%20relationsAccessed 30 January 2020.

18. United Nations Support Mission in Libya and United Nation Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner (OHCHR). Desperate and Dangerous: Report on the human rights situation of migrants and refugees in Libya. Marrakesh: United Nations; 2018.Available: https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/LY/LibyaMigrationReport.pdfAccessed 7 January 2020.

19. United Nations News. Libyas migrants and refugees with tuberculosis left to die in detention centres. UN news. June 2019. Available: https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/06/1040011Accessed 30 January 2020.

20. Mdecins Sans Frontires (MSF). Libya report on nutrition screening findings in Sabaa detention centre. Tripoli; March 2019. Available: https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/sites/default/files/2019-03/Libya_Nutrition_Findings_Report.pdf Accessed 12 December 2019.

21. Mdecins Sans Frontires (MSF). Medical Activity Report 2018. Available: https://msf.lu/sites/default/files/2018_medical_activity_report.pdf Accessed 10 September 2019.

22. Mdecins Sans Frontires (MSF). Search and rescue in the time of COVID-19 MSF briefing paper. London: MSF; 2020.Available:https://www.msf.org.uk/sites/uk/files/msf_briefing_paper_search_and_rescue_in_the_time_of_covid-19.pdf Accessed 7 August 2020.

23. UNHCR The UN Refugee Agency. Europe Dead and missing at sea.Available: https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean/location/5205 Accessed 7 October 2020.

24. UNHCR The UN Refugee Agency. Mediterranean Situation.Available: https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean. Accessed 5 October 2020.

25. Migration data portal. Available at https:// migrationdataportal.org/de/themes/migration-data-relevant-covid-19-pandemic.

26. Mdecins Sans Frontires (MSF). Search and rescue in the time of COVID-19 MSF briefing paper. London: MSF; 2020. Ibidem.

27. UNHCR The UN Refugee Agency. Mediterranean Situation. Ibidem.

28. Consensus Conference for establishing a European level Migration Health database. University of Pecs. Hungary. 7-8 October 2019.Available: https://www.mighealth-unipecs.hu/component/attachments/download/4Accessed 9 October 2019.

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