Archive for the ‘Artificial General Intelligence’ Category
Tech companies want to build artificial general intelligence. But who decides when AGI is attained? – The Bakersfield Californian
Theres a race underway to build artificial general intelligence, a futuristic vision of machines that are as broadly smart as humans or at least can do many things as well as people can.
Achieving such a concept commonly referred to as AGI is the driving mission of ChatGPT-maker OpenAI and a priority for the elite research wings of tech giants Amazon, Google, Meta and Microsoft.
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Tech companies want to build artificial general intelligence. But who decides when AGI is attained? – The Caledonian-Record
Theres a race underway to build artificial general intelligence, a futuristic vision of machines that are as broadly smart as humans or at least can do many things as well as people can.
Achieving such a concept commonly referred to as AGI is the driving mission of ChatGPT-maker OpenAI and a priority for the elite research wings of tech giants Amazon, Google, Meta and Microsoft.
Javascript is required for you to be able to read premium content. Please enable it in your browser settings.
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What is AGI and how is it different from AI? – ReadWrite
As artificial intelligence continues to develop at a rapid pace, its easy to wonder where this new age is headed.
The likes of ChatGPT, Midjourney and Sora are transforming the way we work through chatbots, text-to-image and text-to-video generators, while robots and self-driving cars are helping us perform day-to-day tasks. The latter isnt as mainstream as the former, but its only a matter of time.
But wheres the limit? Are we headed towards a dystopian world run by computers and robots? Artificial general intelligence (AGI) is essentially the next step but as things stand, were a little way off from that becoming a reality.
AGI is considered to be strong AI, whereas narrow AI is what we know to be generative chatbots, image generators and coffee-making robots.
Strong AI refers to software that has the same, or better, cognitive abilities as a human being, meaning it can solve problems, achieve goals, think and learn on its own, without any human input or assistance. Narrow AI can solve one problem or complete one task at a time, without any sentience or consciousness.
This level of AI is only seen in the movies at the moment, but were likely headed towards this level of AI-driven technology in the future. When that might be remains open to debate some experts claim its centuries away, others believe it could only be years. However, Ray Kurzweils book The Singularity is Near predicts it to be between 2015 and 2045, which was seen as a plausible timeline by the AGI research community in 2007although its a pretty broad timeline.
Given how quickly narrow AI is developing, its easy to imagine a form of AGI in society within the next 20 years.
Despite not yet existing, AGI can theoretically perform in ways that are indistinguishable from humans and will likely exceed human capacities due to fast access to huge data sets. While it might seem like youre engaging with a human when using something like ChatGPT, AGI would theoretically be able to engage with humans without necessarily having any human intervention.
An AGI systems capabilities would include the likes of common sense, background knowledge and abstract thinking, as well as practical capabilities, such as creativity, fine motor skills, natural language understanding (NLU), navigation and sensory perception.
A combination of all of those abilities will essentially give AGI systems high-level capabilities, such as being able to understand symbol systems, create fixed structures for all tasks, use different kinds of knowledge, engage in metacognition, handle several types of learning algorithms and understand belief systems.
That means AGI systems will be ultra-intelligent and may also possess additional traits, such as imagination and autonomy, while physical traits like the ability to sense, detect and act could also be present.
We know that narrow AI systems are widely being used in public today and are fast becoming part of everyday life, but it currently needs a human to function at all levels. It requires machine learning and natural language processing, before requiring human-delivered prompts in order to execute a task. It executes the task based on what it has previously learned and can essentially only be as intelligent as the level of information humans give it.
However, the results we see from narrow AI systems are not beyond what is possible from the human brain. It is simply there to assist us, not replace or be more intelligent than humans.
Theoretically, AGI should be able to undertake any task and portray a high level of intelligence without human intervention. It will be able to perform better than humans and narrow AI at almost every level.
Stephen Hawking warned of the dangers of AI in 2014, when he told the BBC: The development of full artificial intelligence could spell the end of the human race.
It would off on its own and redesign itself at an ever-increasing rate. Humans, who are limited by slow biological evolution, couldnt compete and would be superseded.
Kurzweil followed up his prediction in The Singularity is Near by saying in 2017 that computers will achieve human levels of intelligence by 2029. He predicted that AI itself will get better exponentially, leading to it being able to operate at levels beyond human comprehension and control.
He then went on to say: I have set the date 2045 for the Singularity which is when we will multiply our effective intelligence a billionfold by merging with the intelligence we have created.
These discussions and predictions have, of course, sparked debates surrounding the responsible use of CGI. The AI we know today is viewed to be responsible and there are calls to regulate many of the AI companies to ensure these systems do not get out of hand. Weve already seen how controversial and unethical the use of AI can be when in the wrong hands. Its unsurprising, then, that the same debate is happening around AGI.
In reality, society must approach the development of AGI with severe caution. The ethical problems surrounding AI now, such as the ability to control biases within its knowledge base, certainly point to a similar issue with AGI, but on a more harmful level.
If an AGI system can essentially think for itself and no longer has the need to be influenced by humans, there is a danger that Stephen Hawkings vision might become a reality.
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What is AGI and how is it different from AI? - ReadWrite
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Artificial intelligence in healthcare: defining the most common terms – HealthITAnalytics.com
April 03, 2024 -As healthcare organizations collect more and more digital health data, transforming that information to generate actionable insights has become crucial.
Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to significantly bolster these efforts, so much so that health systems are prioritizing AI initiatives this year. Additionally, industry leaders are recommending that healthcare organizations stay on top of AI governance, transparency, and collaboration moving forward.
But to effectively harness AI, healthcare stakeholders need to successfully navigate an ever-changing landscape with rapidly evolving terminology and best practices.
In this primer, HealthITAnalytics will explore some of the most common terms and concepts stakeholders must understand to successfully utilize healthcare AI.
To understand health AI, one must have a basic understanding of data analytics in healthcare. At its core, data analytics aims to extract useful information and insights from various data points or sources. In healthcare, information for analytics is typically collected from sources like electronic health records (EHRs), claims data, and peer-reviewed clinical research.
Analytics efforts often aim to help health systems meet a key strategic goal, such as improving patient outcomes, enhancing chronic disease management, advancing precision medicine, or guiding population health management.
However, these initiatives require analyzing vast amounts of data, which is often time- and resource-intensive. AI presents a promising solution to streamline the healthcare analytics process.
The American Medical Association (AMA) indicates that AI broadly refers to the ability of computers to perform tasks that are typically associated with a rational human being a quality that enables an entity to function appropriately and with foresight in its environment.
However, the AMA favors an alternative conceptualization of AI that the organization calls augmented intelligence. Augmented intelligence focuses on the assistive role of AI in healthcare and underscores that the technology can enhance, rather than replace, human intelligence.
AI tools are driven by algorithms, which act as instructions that a computer follows to perform a computation or solve a problem. Using the AMAs conceptualizations of AI and augmented intelligence, algorithms leveraged in healthcare can be characterized as computational methods that support clinicians capabilities and decision-making.
Generally, there are multiple types of AI that can be classified in various ways: IBM broadly categorizes these tools based on their capabilities and functionalities which covers a plethora of realized and theoretical AI classes and potential applications.
Much of the conversation around AI in healthcare is centered around currently realized AI tools that exist for practical applications today or in the very near future. Thus, the AMA categorizes AI terminology into two camps: terms that describe how an AI works and those that describe what the AI does.
AI tools can work by leveraging predefined logic or rules-based learning, to understand patterns in data via machine learning, or using neural networks to simulate the human brain and generate insights through deep learning.
In terms of functionality, AI models can use these learning approaches to engage in computer vision, a process for deriving information from images and videos; natural language processing to derive insights from text; and generative AI to create content.
Further, AI models can be classified as either explainable meaning that users have some insight into the how and why of an AIs decision-making or black box, a phenomenon in which the tools decision-making process is hidden from users.
Currently, all AI models are considered narrow or weak AI, tools designed to perform specific tasks within certain parameters. Artificial general intelligence (AGI), or strong AI, is a theoretical system under which an AI model could be applied to any task.
Machine learning (ML) is a subset of AI in which algorithms learn from patterns in data without being explicitly trained. Often, ML tools are used to make predictions about potential future outcomes.
Unlike rules-based AI, ML techniques can use increased exposure to large, novel datasets to learn and improve their own performance. There are three main categories of ML based on task type: supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning.
In supervised learning, algorithms are trained on labeled data data inputs associated with corresponding outputs to identify specific patterns, which helps the tool make accurate predictions when presented with new data.
Unsupervised learning uses unlabeled data to train algorithms to discover and flag unknown patterns and relationships among data points.
Semi-supervised machine learning relies on a mix of supervised and unsupervised learning approaches during training.
Reinforcement learning relies on a feedback loop for algorithm training. This type of ML algorithm is given labeled data inputs, which it can use to take various actions, such as making a prediction, to generate an output. If the algorithms action and output align with the programmers goals, its behavior is reinforced with a reward.
In this way, algorithms developed using reinforcement techniques generate data, interact with their environment, and learn a series of actions to achieve a desired result.
These approaches to pattern recognition make ML particularly useful in healthcare applications like medical imaging and clinical decision support.
Deep learning (DL) is a subset of machine learning used to analyze data to mimic how humans process information. DL algorithms rely on artificial neural networks (ANNs) to imitate the brains neural pathways.
ANNs utilize a layered algorithmic architecture, allowing insights to be derived from how data are filtered through each layer and how those layers interact. This enables deep learning tools to extract more complex patterns from data than their simpler AI- and ML-based counterparts.
Like machine learning models, deep learning algorithms can be supervised, unsupervised, or somewhere in between.There are four main types of deep learning used in healthcare: deep neural networks (DNNs), convolutional neural networks (CNNs), recurrent neural networks (RNNs), and generative adversarial networks (GANs).
DNNs are a type of ANN with a greater depth of layers. The deeper the DNN, the more data translation and analysis tasks can be performed to refine the models output.
CNNs are a type of DNN that is specifically applicable to visual data. With a CNN, users can evaluate and extract features from images to enhance image classification.
RNNs are a type of ANN that relies on temporal or sequential data to generate insights. These networks are unique in that, where other ANNs inputs and outputs remain independent of one another, RNNs utilize information from previous layers inputs to influence later inputs and outputs.
RNNs are commonly used to address challenges related to natural language processing, language translation, image recognition, and speech captioning. In healthcare, RNNs have the potential to bolster applications like clinical trial cohort selection.
GANs utilize multiple neural networks to create synthetic data instead of real-world data. Like other types of generative AI, GANs are popular for voice, video, and image generation. GANs can generate synthetic medical images to train diagnostic and predictive analytics-based tools.
Recently, deep learning technology has shown promise in improving the diagnostic pathway for brain tumors.
With their focus on imitating the human brain, deep learning and ANNs are similar but distinct from another analytics approach: cognitive computing.
The term typically refers to systems that simulate human reasoning and thought processes to augment human cognition. Cognitive computing tools can help aid decision-making and assist humans in solving complex problems by parsing through vast amounts of data and combining information from various sources to suggest solutions.
Cognitive computing systems must be able to learn and adapt as inputs change, interact organically with users, remember previous interactions to help define problems, and understand contextual elements to deliver the best possible answer based on available information.
To achieve this, these tools use self-learning frameworks, ML, DL, natural language processing, speech and object recognition, sentiment analysis, and robotics to provide real-time analyses for users.
Cognitive computings focus on supplementing human decision-making power makes it promising for various healthcare use cases, including patient record summarization and acting as a medical assistant to clinicians.
Natural language processing (NLP) is a branch of AI concerned with how computers process, understand, and manipulate human language in verbal and written forms.
Using techniques like ML and text mining, NLP is often used to convert unstructured language into a structured format for analysis, translating from one language to another, summarizing information, or answering a users queries.
There are also two subsets of NLP: natural language understanding (NLU) and natural language generation (NLG).
NLU is concerned with computer reading comprehension, focusing heavily on determining the meaning of a piece of text. These tools use the grammatical structure and the intended meaning of a sentence syntax and semantics, respectively to help establish a structure for how the computer should understand the relationship between words and phrases to accurately capture the nuances of human language.
Conversely, NLG is used to help computers write human-like responses. These tools combine NLP analysis with rules from the output language, like syntax, lexicons, semantics, and morphology, to choose how to appropriately phrase a response when prompted. NLG drives generative AI technologies like OpenAIs ChatGPT.
In healthcare, NLP can sift through unstructured data, such as EHRs, to support a host of use cases. To date, the approach has supported the development of a patient-facing chatbot, helped detect bias in opioid misuse classifiers, and flagged contributing factors to patient safety events.
McKinsey & Company describes generative AI (genAI) as algorithms (such as ChatGPT) that can be used to create new content, including audio, code, images, text, simulations, and videos.
GenAI tools take a prompt provided by the user via text, images, videos, or other machine-readable inputs and use that prompt to generate new content. Generative AI models are trained on vast datasets to generate realistic responses to users prompts.
GenAI tools typically rely on other AI approaches, like NLP and machine learning, to generate pieces of content that reflect the characteristics of the models training data. There are multiple types of generative AI, including large language models (LLMs), GANs, RNNs, variational autoencoders (VAEs), autoregressive models, and transformer models.
Since ChatGPTs release in November 2022, genAI has garnered significant attention from stakeholders across industries, including healthcare. The technology has demonstrated significant potential for automating certain administrative tasks: EHR vendors are using generative AI to streamline clinical workflows, health systems are pursuing the technology to optimize revenue cycle management, and payers are investigating how genAI can improve member experience. On the clinical side, researchers are also assessing how genAI could improve healthcare-associated infection (HAI) surveillance programs.
Despite the excitement around genAI, healthcare stakeholders should be aware that generative AI can exhibit bias, like other advanced analytics tools. Additionally, genAI models can hallucinate by perceiving patterns that are imperceptible to humans or nonexistent, leading the tools to generate nonsensical, inaccurate, or false outputs.
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Artificial intelligence in healthcare: defining the most common terms - HealthITAnalytics.com
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