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The last time Angela Davis was in Birmingham, Alabama, she caught up with childhood friends and her Sunday school teacher. While many of us would reminisce about favourite classes and first kisses, they discussed bombs.

We talked about what it was like to grow up in a city where there were bombings all the time, she says. Most notoriously, in September 1963, the Ku Klux Klan bombed the 16th Street Baptist church, killing four girls. It wasnt a one-off, says the legendary radical feminist, communist and former Black Panther. Peoples homes were bombed, synagogues were bombed, other churches were bombed. People think of that as a single event, but it was more indicative of the pervasive terror at that time in Birmingham.

When the girls were killed, Davis was 19, a brilliant young scholar travelling through Europe. She read about the attack in newspapers. It was one of the most devastating experiences of my life. My sister was very close with one of the girls, Carole Robertson. I just recently spent time with Caroles sister, Diane, who was one of my close friends growing up. When Davis managed to phone her family from France, her mother told her she had driven Caroles mother to the church after the bombing. And, of course, she received the terrible, terrible news ... She trails off.

The back yard of one of the other girls almost abutted ours. We were neighbours and friends. And my mother taught yet another of the girls. So we had connections with three of the four girls who were killed on that day. By 1965, the FBI had the names of the bombers, but there were no prosecutions until 1977.

Is this what turned her into a revolutionary? I experienced it as a deeply personal assault, and it was a little while before I could stand back and think about the larger impact of it; the way it represented an effort to wipe out the resistance of youth. I think it was probably one of the moments that helped me find that path.

Does she think Birmingham shaped her politics? Absolutely. I do. I do, she says in her low-pitched, mellifluous voice. So if she had grown up in New York she would have become a different Angela Davis? She grins. Well, I went to high school in New York and it was at high school that I first read The Communist Manifesto! So we would have had the same Angela Davis either way? Exactly. Exactly.

Back in the 1970s, Angela Yvonne Davis had one thing on her mind: revolution. She was public enemy number one to some, a beacon of hope to others. When she went on the run from the law charged with the murder of a judge and five counts of kidnapping, newspapers splashed her face across their front pages, naming her one of the FBIs 10 most-wanted criminals. A few months later, her face was on the T-shirts of young radicals across the world, fighting for her release.

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Daviss became the public face of resistance, pinned to myriad badges, placards and posters. Her great natural afro became the hairstyle of revolution. In the past she has said it is humbling and humiliating ... to be remembered as a hairdo. Anybody who was anybody in the world of culture supported her. When Nina Simone visited Davis in prison, she was overwhelmed by all the books in her cell and decided she needed to learn more about social justice. Aretha Franklin offered to pay her bail. James Baldwin wrote her a letter saying, We must fight for your life as though it were our own which it is and render impassable with our bodies the corridor to the gas chamber. For, if they take you in the morning, they will be coming for us that night. This provided the title for If They Come in the Morning , an anthology of prison writings edited by Davis and published in 1971 when she was in jail.

At 78 and today talking to me on a video call from sunny Oakland, California, Davis has become an elder stateswoman of the civil rights fight, but her radical spirit shines as bright as ever. Her hair is now a grey corkscrew bob in its own ways every bit as distinguished as the iconic afro of yesteryear. She has just reissued her classic memoir, with a new foreword. Angela Y Davis: An Autobiography was first published in 1974, edited by the great Toni Morrison, two years after Davis was acquitted of murder, kidnap and criminal conspiracy. When Morrison first talked to her about writing a book, she wasnt interested she thought that at 26 she was too young to say anything significant, and didnt want to write something that focused on personal trajectory. In the new foreword, she says Morrison convinced her to do it by insisting on the importance of a political biography in which she not only told the story of her life but also the history of the movement she had become involved with.

She says revisiting her younger self for the new edition has both shocked and comforted her. When I reread the autobiography, I was disturbed by my language and by what I did not know then, but I was also impressed by the continuity the fact that we are still addressing issues that we were trying to address at that time. The dissonance I experienced, particularly in terms of the language, helped me to measure our progress, and how far wed come.

Davis speaks in beautifully measured sentences, but sometimes you have to dig for the details. I ask if she is talking about her attitude to gay culture in prison, which seems surprisingly judgmental not least because she has been in a relationship with a woman for the past 20 years. Exactly! she says, laughing. I cringed.

In the memoir, she describes how women would replicate traditional family structures, marrying other women and referring to them as husbands. Davis didnt get it. Why ape the patriarchy? In jail she couldnt bring herself to refer to a woman as a husband or father. Now she says she was narrow-minded. At the time, we werent even using the word gay. We used homosexual. And reading that made me cringe, too, because now we have developed a really capacious vocabulary to talk about both intimate and political experiences. Shes being tough on herself. The remarkable thing about her autobiography is how relevant it still feels.

In the 1960s and 70s, Davis says, everything was rigidly defined not simply in terms of sexuality, but also revolutionary activity. I didnt regard those [prison marriage] practices as resistance practices. I had an intransigent notion as to what counts as resistance. Everything was about belonging to a party and toeing that party line. Now I see we are where we are today precisely because of large acts of resistance and small acts of resistance I believe we need organised resistance and the forms of resistance that become practices in our daily lives.

While many people become more insular as they get older, she has become ever more outward-looking. Perhaps its this that distinguishes the older Davis from the twentysomething Black Panther who found herself in prison facing a possible death sentence 50 years ago. Today, she has an extraordinary capacity to absorb and juggle ideas, many seemingly at odds with each other.

Davis is talking to me from a room lined with books in the home she shares with her civil partner, Gina Dent, a fellow professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz. The two women have a lot in common. They have just written Abolition. Feminism. Now. together with two other authors (Erica R Meiners and Beth E Richie). At the heart of the book is the demand to defund the police, demilitarise the army and halt prison construction. The authors argue that all three perpetuate violence, inequality and structural racism. Daviss politics are expressed not merely in what she writes, but how she writes. Although there are four authors, the book is written in one voice. Its form reflects her belief in collective action.

When she wrote her memoir, the concept of intersectionality was not widely known, though many women of colour had been struggling with the ways they were discriminated against because of both their sex and their race, and how they impacted on each other. Although Davis was already a famous radical feminist, she says she often felt isolated, and questioned her place within the movement.

There was a backwardness in the early days of certain elements of feminism that refused to recognise the degree to which gender is historically and socially constructed. This is why I refused to consider myself a feminist for a while the insistence that all of your loyalty has to be to women, and that tended to mean white women. I can remember being asked, Are you Black or are you a woman?

What?

She laughs. Yes. I was asked that. Even when we had no precedents for intersectional notions I made it very clear, and Im not the only one, that for many Black women the issues were intertwined. We could not separate one from the other.

Who asked this? Oh, some of those white feminists I did not like. She smiles. No names. What did you say? I said its a ridiculous question. This is the power of racism, that they could not recognise, for example, that in struggling against gender violence directed against women, one also had to take up the racist use of the rape charge, and they were part and parcel of the same battle. Of course, the intransigent white bourgeois feminists could not accept that.

Davis is no stranger to splits on the radical left or factional feminism. She has seen it all her life, and regretted it all her life. She doesnt understand why some feminists today see trans women as a threat. There are some feminist formations that are very opposed to the trans presence, and that is so backwards. Those of us who are more flexible argue that if you want to get rid of violence directed against individuals in the world, whether its racist violence or gender violence, you have to support Black trans women who are the target of more violence than any other group of people. And if we make advances in our struggle to defend Black trans women, those victories can be felt by all communities that suffer violence.

She says this fight reminds her of the days when she was asked to choose between being a woman and being Black. In her autobiography, she describes how many of the Black male revolutionaries regarded their activism as an assertion of their masculinity and believed women had no leadership role to play. Even so, she says, back then she didnt fully appreciate how she had been shaped as much by gender as by race. In the intervening half-century, she has realised how the two are umbilically linked in the fight for a better world.

Davis inherited her revolutionary spirit from her mother, Sallye, a schoolteacher and activist who was involved in the Southern Negro Youth Congress, organised by Black communists. Sallye was part of the successful campaign to release the Scottsboro Boys (nine Black teenagers falsely accused of raping two white women) a case seen as a milestone in the emergence of a national civil rights movement. Daviss father, Frank, was also a teacher and an Episcopalian lay minister. He was not as outspoken as my mother, but he made his contributions in a quieter way. Both her parents grew up dirt poor and only managed to become teachers because they were financially supported her mother by the principal of her high school, her father by the Episcopalian church. Her father gave up teaching and bought a service station and parking lot to enable him to better support Angela and her three siblings.

Davis grew up with a burning sense of justice and injustice. She received a good education at her segregated school, where she was taught about Black history, and endowed with pride. The teachers felt the need to cultivate a generation who would be capable of resisting the ideological racism surrounding us. Her mother told young Angela that the world they were living in was not the world of the future. She always said: never forget that that world is not organised in the way it should be and that things will change, and that we will be a part of that change.

In her late teens, Davis worked part-time to earn enough money to travel to France and Switzerland, and to attend the eighth World Festival of Youth and Students in Helsinki. When she returned home in 1963, the FBI interviewed her about her attendance at the Soviet-sponsored festival. After a year studying literature in France, she enrolled on Herbert Marcuses philosophy course at the University of Frankfurt. Davis later said: Marcuse taught me that it was possible to be an academic, an activist, a scholar and a revolutionary.

In 1969, aged 25, she was hired as an assistant professor of philosophy at UCLA. A campaign spearheaded by California governor Ronald Reagan resulted in her sacking for being a member of the Communist party USA. By then she was also known as a radical feminist and affiliate of the LA chapter of the Black Panther party. When a court ruled she could not be fired solely because of her affiliation with the Communist party, she resumed her post, only to be fired again in June 1970 for inflammatory language used in four speeches, including repeatedly referring to the police as pigs.

By this time her mentor was the Black Panther George Jackson, who had been convicted of armed robbery in 1961. In January 1970, Jackson and two others were charged with murdering a prison officer in Soledad prison, California. The three men became known as the Soledad Brothers and Davis campaigned for their release. Davis came to love Jackson and befriended his younger brother, 17-year-old Jonathan, who accompanied her on public appearances as an informal bodyguard.

On 7 August 1970, Jonathan Jackson used guns registered in Daviss name (she was regularly receiving death threats from white supremacists at this point) to hold up a courtroom at Marin county courthouse. He took superior court judge Harold Haley and four others hostage to secure the freedom of the Soledad Brothers. As he attempted to drive away, police opened fire, and Jonathan Jackson, Judge Haley and two prisoners were killed. The siege was headline news. As was the fact that the guns Jackson used were owned by Davis.

On 14 August, Davis was charged with aggravated kidnapping and first-degree murder in the death of Judge Harold Haley, and a warrant was issued for her arrest. By then, Davis had gone on the run. Four days later, FBI director J Edgar Hoover put Davis on the FBIs 10 most-wanted fugitives list; she was only the third woman to be listed. On 13 October 1970, FBI agents found her in New York.

Davis has always said she had no prior knowledge of Jacksons plans, and was shocked by the incident and the death of her young friend. How does she look back at her time in prison? Its complex, she says. In one way, it was terrifying; in another, she got a better education than any university could provide. She saw for herself how much easier it was to end up in prison if you were working class and a person of colour, and how much harder it was to get out. Many women she met were locked up for petty crimes but couldnt afford the $500 bail, so were stuck in the system. She discovered that, although slavery had been abolished in 1865, it was thriving in US jails thanks to the 13th amendment making a special allowance for penal labour. Davis realised she had to synthesise race, class and gender in her analysis. It was a time of learning. Deep learning. That period defined the trajectory of the rest of my life.

Was there a time when she thought she would be executed? Yes, there was. There was. There was. She repeats it gently, like a mantra. I felt terrified that I might end up in the gas chamber in San Quentin prison. Ronald Reagan wanted to see that, Richard Nixon wanted to see that, J Edgar Hoover. So many people were convinced that despite my innocence of the actual charges I would be like Sacco and Vanzetti, the Rosenbergs, or any of the other political figures who have been put to death. And, yeah, it was terrifying. I had nightmares.

But on the outside, the fight for her release grew bigger and bigger. It is this, she says, that gave her hope. You know, I received over a million letters from schoolchildren in East Germany alone. One million, I repeat, trying to picture that many letters. Yes! A million postcards. Schoolchildren were supposed to send me a rose for my birthday, so they drew roses on postcards. It was called 1 Million Roses for Angela Davis. At first they started to come in big mailbags. They are at Stanford University now, in the archives.

There were campaigns worldwide. Eventually the terror was displaced. I realised that even if I ended up being put to death I would not be alone; that they would all be walking with me. And that is what gave me courage. I learned about the value of mass movements and collective struggle; that lesson has remained with me.

It seems to me she has always been an optimist. Well, you know, we need hope. We cant do anything without optimism. My friend Mariame Kaba, who is part of the prison abolitionist movement, says hope is a discipline. Our job is to cultivate hope, and that is what I always try to do.

The campaign made her feel less isolated but she found the attention embarrassing; shaming, even. There were so many women in jail with nobody for support, and here she was with her million postcards. She was thankful, but she had never wanted to be a pin-up. I feel best when Im working in the background teaching and organising is the work I love doing. I was very disturbed in jail because I saw so many women who got such a bad deal. It was not right for me to be the focus of so much attention when I already had a network of people.

Davis was released from prison after 16 months and acquitted four months later, in June 1972. Again, she was lucky. While she was jailed, the death sentence was abolished in California, allowing her to be bailed. At her trial, the prosecution argued that she was not a political prisoner; that she had provided the gun simply because of her love for George Jackson. It was an easy argument to refute. There was so much evidence of a life of political struggle and that she had campaigned vigorously for all three Soledad Brothers.

By the time she was released, George Jackson was dead, killed while trying to escape prison. Does she think they would have married if he had lived? That may have been a possibility, but I cant say for sure because I do know that feelings are intensified under the pressure of incarceration, and people change. As far as men go, was he the love of her life? For once, her speech becomes broken. Erm, well, that may ... you may express it that way. Erm, yeah. She quickly gathers herself. At the same time, I want to emphasise how deep that political relationship was. I spent the majority of my time with George communicating with him about radical issues, and also with other partners that Ive had, male and female.

With Dent, who is in her late 50s, she says its been the same. We got to know each other because I was making a contribution to a book she was editing, so we were working together intellectually long before we came together. She takes a sip from her mug. I ask what she is drinking. Green tea and ginger. Thats another big change. She lives a healthier life now. Is it true you used to smoke four packets of cigarettes a day? Yeah, I was a terrible smoker. I smoked Gauloises. Now I try to exercise and eat vegan. As she talks, Im looking at her perfectly painted black nails. I painted them myself! she says proudly. She looks youthful and stylish dressed all in black, except for satin-blue streaks in her scarf.

It was only when she came out of prison she discovered what her family had done for her and what it had taken out of them. My mother would tell me about people who she thought were her friends who severed connection with her because they did not want to be associated with somebody who had a communist daughter.

I bet there were times she wished you werent a communist and hadnt got yourself in so much trouble, I say. Oh yeah! Im sure. Im sure! She laughs. I thought about that myself sometimes. But both my mother and father were really proud of the work that I did and the support that came from my siblings. My sister Fania travelled all over the world when I was in jail. My brother Ben, who was a football player in the NFL, suffered as a result they put him on the bench. Nevertheless, his wife organised the largest political rally in Cleveland around the demand for my freedom. Why did they bench him? Because he called out the journalists and asked them: why are you not asking me about my sister, who is in jail? We see the NFL at the centre of many waves of resistance now, but there was a nascent politicisation at that time and my brother was a part of it.

She talks about an image she loves that symbolises the way her family fought for her. There is footage of my mother speaking at a rally where shes holding my sisters baby girl in one arm, with the other arm outstretched in a fist and calling for my freedom. I said: Wow! I am my mothers daughter.

After her release, Davis continued where she had left off with her career and her activism. She became a professor of ethnic studies, and is now professor emerita of history of consciousness and feminist studies at UC Santa Cruz. She ran twice as vice-president for the Communist party USA, and dedicated much of her life to fighting for fellow activists who remained in jail and for the abolition of the prison system. Her ideas on abolitionism have evolved over decades, and are now championed by sections of the Black Lives Matter movement and feature prominently in Ava DuVernays documentary on the subject, 13th.

Its funny, she says so many people tell her it must be depressing fighting for the same things she was fighting for 60 years ago. But shes not having any of it. So much has changed; she cites the fact that America elected Barack Obama twice. How does she think he did? He could have done a lot more, and Im angry that Guantnamo is still there, because he was going to shut Guantnamo, right? But at the same time, it was a world historical moment, and I treasure that moment and that it was enabled by young people who refused to believe it was impossible to elect a Black person.

She says you cant simply blame Obama for any disappointments. Again, we cant project all of our power as a collective of human beings on to a single individual. So my critique is also a self-critique; there should have been mass demonstrations forcing him to move in a more radical direction. At the same time, I dont think Black Lives Matter would have emerged except within the context that was created by the election of Obama. The fact that there is now a mass mainstream anti-racist movement, involving white people as well as people of colour, is true progress, she says.

As for President Biden, Davis believes his conservatism is a historical inevitability post-Trump. When there are moments of upheaval, the recovery period always tends to emphasise the conservative. But she says she has never focused on the dominant parties. I think its important to think more capaciously about the meaning of politics. The millions of people who poured on to the streets in the aftermath of George Floyds lynching constituted a force that was so much more powerful than any political party. And if there is a new moment of trying to recognise structural racism that occurred as a result of those demonstrations, then I would say those people are the motors of history. Its not about who the president was or is. She had witnessed deaths in police custody throughout her life. The difference now was that mass protest (and digital technology) ensured officers could no longer go unpunished. Last June, Floyds killer Derek Chauvin was sentenced to 22 years and six months for second-degree murder.

Good comes out of bad, Davis says. The pandemic highlighted structural racism in both the US and the UK. In May 2020, research from the non-partisan APM Research Lab revealed Black Americans were three times more likely than white Americans to die of Covid. In the same month, the Office for National Statistics revealed that Black people were four times more likely to die of Covid than white people in England and Wales. Not only is the research being done to prove the existence of structural racism, Davis says, but people now are shouting about it. There are young activists and scholars who are so much better at explaining what we tried so hard to figure out. Now they just take it for granted, and I love that.

You seem so content, I say. Well, at this particular moment I really am happy to be alive and healthy and to be able to link what is happening at this moment to past histories. Again, she says how lucky she is. I treasure this time, because it means I get to see that the work that was done 50 and 60 years ago really mattered, even though there were moments when all of us felt it was in vain. So many of the people in her life didnt live to see the progress that has been made her parents; George and Jonathan Jackson; the four girls murdered at the Birmingham church. I feel that Im a witness for those who did not make it this far.

An Autobiography by Angela Y Davis is published by Penguin (20). To support the Guardian and Observer, order your copy at guardianbookshop.com. Delivery charges may apply. Abolition. Feminism. Now. is published by Penguin (14.99); order your copy here. Angela Davis wears (main image) coat by Theory, top by Eileen Fisher and trousers by Zero + Maria Cornejo. Above: shirt by Christopher John Rogers.

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Angela Davis on the power of protest: 'We can't do anything without optimism' - The Guardian

Shortly after Alabamas state board of education passed a resolution last August to ban public schools from teaching or purchasing materials that impute fault, blame, or cause students to feel guilt or anguish about the legacy of slavery or ongoing racial injustice, members of the Birmingham, Alabama, school board pushed back by passing a resolution of their own.

The sharply worded statement, A Resolution to Advance Equity for All Students, emphasized that city educators will continue to be proactive in dismantling the pillars of unequal justice, bigotry and oppression and affirmed that the city of Birmingham will provide resources and professional development to educators who teach about, celebrate, uphold, and affirm the lives of all races and that support critical dialogue among students, staff and community members about the impact of bias and racism both within and outside of school house doors.

Terri Michal, a member of Birminghams school board from 2017 to 2021, told Truthout that the resolution makes clear that Birmingham will do what is right to give all children what they need to excel. Were working to ensure that equity is not a dirty word, she says.

Birmingham is not the only locale that is standing up to efforts to ban everything the right deems as critical race theory, as well as efforts to ban school-based diversity, equity and inclusion programs, which attempt to present to students an accurate history of the United States and contend with and change the many ways that racial and gender injustice have structured classrooms across the country.

Deborah Menkart, codirector of the Zinn Education Project (ZEP), a national organization working to inject accurate accounts of U.S. and world history into classrooms across the country, says that demand for ZEP materials has continually increased since the projects 2008 founding. The right wing would not be going on the attack if there was nothing to attack, she told Truthout.

Teachers download lessons from the ZEP website. These lessons, Menkart explains, go beyond what is found in traditional textbooks and examine all subjects art, history, literature, math, music, science with an eye toward omissions and distortions. Probing questions are asked: Who is included in the historical account? Who does the narrative benefit? Why are female mathematicians or scientists, or queer people or people of color so often left out of the accounts we read or hear discussed?

Students are not just learning facts, Menkart says. Theyre learning about the choices that are made in the telling of history. They also get a sense of the role they can play in shaping the future. In this way, were equipping youth with a sense of hope, giving them the tools to think strategically so that they can address the gravity of the situations were facing.

Demand for lessons, she continues, comes from every corner of the country, not just urban centers, and she quickly ticks off curricula requests from teachers in Taylor, South Carolina; Holland, Michigan; Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; and Columbia, Missouri. The most common requests, according to Menkart, are for materials covering the Reconstruction era, redlining, the environmental crisis and the color line that was imposed during the colonial era.

When children begin to think critically, they begin to understand that it is not that their parents and neighbors have not worked hard enough to get ahead, but that something systemic has held people of color, women, the poor and the disabled back, she says. The right wing says that this makes white, able-bodied children feel guilty, but when students learn that some white people have challenged injustice, it complicates the narrative and prompts them to question their assumptions.

Denisha Jones, coeditor of the book Black Lives Matter at School: An Uprising for Educational Justice, and a member of the steering committee of the National Black Lives Matter at School coalition, notes the importance of educational efforts that recognize resistance to the status quo and that support inclusive historical accounts. About 60 percent of the population will not go to college and they will probably never learn this information if it is not taught in middle and high school, she told Truthout. For many people, programs that promote diversity, equity and inclusion are their first encounter with material about race, class, gender, gender identity or ableism. This can spur them to a new place of understanding and inquiry.

Jones acknowledges that many school-based diversity, equity and inclusion programs initiatives are little more than window dressing, created to deflect criticism and give the visual appearance of racial, ethnic, gender and disability inclusivity. Still, she says, meaningful diversity, equity and inclusion programs are possible, especially if they are led by teachers and staff who are committed to helping children develop a positive racial identity.

Children need a solid foundation on which to build ideas about race, gender and self, Jones says. Helping kids feel good about themselves will enable them to function in a global world. If kids encounter silence about race, religion, disability or gender differences, this silence gets internalized and their identity formation can be negatively impacted.

One solution, Jones says, is for there to be mandatory Black and ethnic studies classes integrated into the curricula of every K-12 school. But this goes beyond curricula, she says. Other concrete changes in the ways schools operate are necessary to protect vulnerable students from feelings of inadequacy or ennui: ending zero-tolerance policies that suspend or expel students for misbehaving; increasing the number of available school counselors; and removing police officers from school buildings.

Jones also wants to address the racism at the heart of the attacks on school-based diversity, equity and inclusion programs and on anything deemed by the right to be Critical Race Theory. The idea that the right wing is promoting, that we have to bring in all sides of every issue, is funny to me, she says. What is the other side of Black Lives Matter? Is it that Black lives dont matter? We need to examine that.

Research backs up this assertion.

According to child psychologist Jacob Ham, It is hard for kids to learn when they feel unsafe or threatened, or feel as if they dont matter or fit in. But if they feel supported and connected, they enter into what Ham calls learning brain, a state in which they are open to new ideas and new information, are able to handle ambiguity, and feel confident enough to share concerns or ask for clarifications.

A Stanford University study confirms Hams conclusions and underscores the importance of diverse representation in curricular materials. According to the researchers who carried out the study, both students of color and white students benefited from taking even one ethnic studies course, finding that the class enhanced their sense of belonging, upped graduation rates and made them more likely to enroll in college.

Emily Ladau, author of Demystifying Disability: What to Know, What to Say, and How to be an Ally, agrees that kids need to see themselves in course materials. In addition, she says that they need to be encouraged to ask questions respectfully about people who are different from them, including those with genetic and acquired disabilities. Disability is not a niche issue, she told Truthout. There are more than 1 billion disabled people in the world. That means that schools have disabled students, disabled faculty and disabled staff and almost everyone has disabled family member. But you should not have to have a personal connection to disability to recognize that an inclusive environment benefits everyone.

Furthermore, Ladau argues, since disability cuts across all other identities, it should be incorporated into all aspects of learning, from pre-K classes to teacher training programs.

Many people, however, dont want this. Indeed, as the past year has shown, backlash against curricula that deal with diversity, inclusivity or equity is on the rise. There is pushback against any conversation about how we can be more inclusive because this requires us to admit that we have not been doing everything possible to be equitable and incorporate everyone, regardless of their gender, race, sexuality or disability, Ladau says. If we cant admit this, there cant be progress.

Jennifer Lima, a school board member in North Kingstown, Rhode Island, since 2020 and the founder of Toward an Anti-Racist Kingstown, has seen this phenomenon up close. Lima has been pushing the North Kingstown school board to approve an educational audit of the nine schools in the district. Basically, we need to know what we are doing well and what we are doing poorly when it comes to diversity, equity and inclusion, she told Truthout. How are we doing when it comes to retaining teachers and students of color? Is dress code enforcement done equally for all students? How about access to advanced placement classes? Which holidays are acknowledged? Do disabled, queer and trans students and staff face discrimination?

Lima believes that an honest reckoning will require outside auditors, with focus groups for everyone connected to public education in North Kingstown. Weve received two estimates from outside reviewers and know that a thorough investigation will take about six months. The local right wing sees this as unnecessary. They also argue that it can be done in-house, and they are really, really loud about this, she says. I disagree with them, and feel strongly that a neutral third party needs to come in. The administration cant interview people and expect truthful answers. Our goal as a school system should be to serve every student equitably and we cant formulate a strategy to improve what we do until we know exactly where we are.

The school board is expected to vote on hiring an outside auditor sometime this spring.

But even if the audit gets approved, educators in North Kingstown and in every other part of the U.S. will likely still face pushback from some parents and astroturf groups (organizations that are funded by deep-pocketed donors whose money enables the groups to maintain a visible presence despite having few actual grassroots supporters). Some prominent astroturf groups in this arena include Moms for Liberty, No Left Turn in Education and Parents Defending Education, which oppose school-based diversity, equity and inclusion programs. And while many educators will continue to reach out to the Zinn Education Project and other progressive educators, and will continue to teach materials that are culturally and historically accurate, their work will be made more difficult by people who oppose anti-racism initiatives and broader equity efforts.

This is where progressive can play a role.

Cassie Schwerner, executive director of the Morningside Center for Teaching Social Responsibility, a New York City organization that promotes school-based social and emotional learning, told Truthout that teachers and progressive educational groups need vocal supporters. We live in a global economy and a world that gets more and more interconnected every day, Schwerner says. We need to learn about each other. No one should grow up without a deep sense of curiosity or the ability to think critically, whether it is about Jim Crow, slavery, disability, or trans access to bathrooms or gym classes. As progressives, we have to defend the teaching of critical thinking and the promotion of classroom equity.

Schwerner then pivots and asks an important question: What do we want schools to be and who do we want them to serve? None of us know exactly how to fight the right wing, but we know that we need to stop pretending that racism, sexism, homophobia and ableism dont exist. We know we need to create a culture where we can have hard, even uncomfortable, conversations.

Furthermore, Schwerner says, we need to challenge the zero-sum mentality that says that if some kids have a positive racial identity, other kids will have a negative racial identity. I know this sounds Pollyanna-ish, but schools need to help students feel cherished because, in truth, we all benefit when children grow up feeling safe, secure and valued.

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In December 2016, the U.S. National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST) announced a competition to select new quantum resistant public key encryption algorithms that would eventually supersede the classical RSA and other public key cryptography algorithms that may be vulnerable to future quantum computers. For the past five years they have been receiving nominations, holding conferences, and going through three rounds of selection to determine which ones to recommend based upon security, performance, and other factors. They are very close to completing Round 3 and will announce their initial selections of new algorithms to recommend. Some algorithms still need more study and there will be a Round 4 to see if any additional ones should be standardized too. In the chart below, the algorithms shown as Finalists are being considered for standardization in Round 3 and the algorithms shown as Alternates are being considered for further analysis and possible standardization in Round 4.

Once the Round 3 selections are announced, NIST will publish a report explaining their decisions. After that, there will still be additional work to draft the standards, call for public comments, and the selections probably wont be officially formalized until 2024. But we see these as activities as formalities that wont create any significant changes. In addition, the Round 4 analysis and recommendation activities will take 12-18 months to complete after the Round 4 candidates are announced.

When we listen to presentations from various consultants and quantum computing providers, we often hear the message that enterprises should start investigating quantum computing now or else they will be left behind. But it is our view that it is just as important, if not more, for enterprises to allocate resources and start right now planning how to migrate their entire digital communications infrastructure to use quantum resistant encryption techniques. Although it may take another 10 years or so before a large enough quantum computer is available to run Shors algorithm and break the current public key algorithms, experience has shown that it takes 10 years or more to implement new encryption technology in the thousands of computers and software programs that are in use within a typical enterprise.

For those CIOs who experienced the intensive Y2K conversion activities twenty years ago, this migration will likely be significantly more complex. The number of computers, smartphones, IoT, and other digital devices in use today is orders of magnitude higher than it was earlier this century. Also, while Y2K had a specific deadline of December 31, 1999, no one really knows when the large, powerful quantum machines will be in operation. In addition, any communications of long shelf-life data may be vulnerable to a Harvest Now, Decrypt Later attack that accelerates the time frame when quantum resistant encryption is needed. So, enterprises planning a strategy have some important questions to answer such as:

With the pending announcement of the first selected algorithms from NIST, now would be the time to get going if you havent started already. For additional information on this topic, we recommend reading a white paper from the Quantum Economic Development Consortium (QED-C) titled A Guide to a Quantum-Safe Organization. You can also visit the Post-Quantum Cryptography website maintained by NIST which contains an archive of the submissions, presentations, workshops and events that have occurred during this program.

March 5, 2022

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NIST Set to Announce Round 3 Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) Selections Within the Next Few Weeks - Quantum Computing Report

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Over the past decade, encryption has emerged as one of the key solutions that organizations use to secure enterprise communications, services and applications. However, the development of quantum computing is putting these defenses at risk, with the next generation of computers having the capability to decrypt these PKC algorithms.

While quantum computing technology is still in its infancy, the potential threat of PKC decryption remains. Yesterday, the NATO Cyber Security Center (NCSC) announced that it had tested a post-quantum VPN provider by U.K.-based quantum computing provider Post-Quantum, to secure its communication flows.

Post-Quantums VPN uses quantum cryptography that it claims is complex enough to prevent a malicious quantum computer from decrypting transmissions.

The development of these post-quantum cryptographic solutions offers a solution that enterprises and technical decision makers can use to protect their encrypted data from quantum computers.

NATO isnt alone in taking post-quantum cyber attacks seriously. The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) recently announced that it was developing a standard to migrate to post-quantum cryptography to begin replacing hardware, software, and services that rely on public-key algorithms.

At the same time, the White House is also concerned over the threat raised by post-quantum computing, recently releasing a National Security Memorandum which gave the National Security Agency (NSA) 30 days to update the Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite (CNSA Suite) and to add quantum-resistant cryptography.

The memorandum also noted that within 180 days, agencies that handle national security systems must identify all instances of encryption not in compliance with NSA-approved Quantum Resistant Algorithms and chart a timeline to transition these systems to use compliant encryption, to include quantum resistant encryption.

While quantum computers arent capable of decrypting modern public key algorithms like RSA, Post-Quantums CEO Andersen Cheng believes that as quantum technology develops we will reach a Y2Q scenario, where all these security measures are obsolete in the face of the computational power of weaponized quantum computers.

People frequently talk about commercial quantum computers when referencing this Y2Q moment, and thats a long way off potentially 10-15 years away. But from a cybersecurity perspective, were not talking about slick commercial machines; a huge, poorly functioning prototype in the basement is all thats needed to break todays encryption, Cheng said.

It does not need to go through any benchmark review or certification, and this prospect is much closer and it could happen within the next three to five years, Cheng said.

If Cheng is correct that non-commercial quantum computing solutions could be developed to weaponize quantum computing in just a few years, then organizations have a fine timeline to enhance their encryption protections, or they risk handing malicious entities and nation-states a skeleton key to their private data.

However, its not just data that exposed post-Y2Q thats at risk; potentially any data encrypted data thats been harvested in the past could then be unencrypted as part of a retrospective attack.

Quantum decryption can be applied retrospectively, in that the groundwork for a harvest now, decrypt later attack could be laid today. This means that, if a rogue nation-state or bad actor intercepted data today, they could decrypt this harvested data once quantum computers capabilities exceed those of classical computers, he said.

As more enterprises recognize the need for quantum cryptography in a post-quantum world, the post-quantum cryptography market is anticipated to reach $9.5 billion by 2029, with more than 80% of revenues from the market coming from web browsers, the IoT, machine tools, and the cybersecurity industry.

While quantum computing could pose a substantial threat to enterprises down the line, there are a wide range of solution providers emerging who are developing state-of-the-art post-quantum cryptographic solutions to mitigate this.

One such provider is UK-based post-quantum provider PQShield, which offers a range of quantum-secure solutions from IoT firm to PKI mobile and server technologies, as well as end-user applications.

Some of PQShields most recently developments include researchers and engineers contributing to the NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization Process, and the company recently raising $20 million as part of a Series A funding round.

Another promising provider is Crypta Labs, which raised 5.5 million ($7.4 million USD) in seed funding in 2020, and recently developed the worlds first space compliant Quantum Random Number Generator, which will be used to securely encrypt satellite data.

Post-Quantum itself is also in a strong position, with its encryption algorithm NTS-KEM becoming the only code-based finalist in the NIST process to identify a cryptographic standard to replace RSA and Elliptic Curve for PKC in the post-quantum world.

In any case, the wave of providers developing state of the art cryptographic algorithms means there are plenty of solutions for enterprises to deploy to mitigate the risk of quantum computing, now and in the future, to ensure that their private data stays protected.

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Europes deep tech sector is having its moment and accounts for a quarter of the blocs start-up ecosystem.

Deep technology is the generic term that covers all tech that is based on tangible engineering innovation or scientific advances. It includes technologies such as artificial intelligence, robotics, quantum computing and blockchain.

Europe is seeking to bolster firms in the sector to compete on the global stage. At the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, Euronews Next spoke to three deep tech start-ups worth keeping an eye on.

The Swiss start-up is developing a technology that measures your facial expressions, such as eye movement and jaw biting through earbuds and then sends those signals to a small box connected to the device, which sits at the back of your neck.

This Internet of Humans technology uses its closed-loop system which translates brain waves and uploads this data to their cloud. Once processed, these signals can tell us a lot about our state of mind, including levels of tiredness, focus and other cognitive activity.

These health insights are then analysed and can help build knowledge about different mental states, which could ultimately help people hear or sleep better.

The start-up is working with the Japanese pharmaceutical company Takeda and is validating the technology for sleep onset neuromarker detection.

For the moment, the start-up is at the end of its seed stage and is a business-to-business company but its aim is to roll out its products to consumers, so that it could be used in multiple scenarios, including selecting your music playlist based on your mood.

The technology is still in development and health regulation is still needed.

People will look back in 100 years and they will say people died from perfectly curable diseases because they just didn't know about it, IDUN Technologies chief executive officer and co-founder Simon Bachman told Euronews Next.

I understood that we need to get better in preventative health and for preventative health you need a technology which is accessible by healthy people, he said.

However, he said one of the largest limitations of the medtech area and healthcare area is because regulation means there's a huge barrier to get into the sector.

Bachman said he welcomes regulation and the company has its own neuroethics committee that discusses issues of data sharing. He also said the company is actively participating in the dialogue on how neurotechnology could and should be regulated and is speaking to policymakers.

As for being a European start-up, Bachman said there is literally no drawback.

Europe is the place to be because we are living in a connected world. And you know, the talents in Switzerland, especially, but also in Europe.

Oxford Quantum Circuits: the supercomputer

Quantum computing is another sector that is taking off in Europe. It works by using quantum physics to create new ways of computing.

Quantum computers typically have an edge over regular computers in situations where there are lots of possible combinations, as they can consider these simultaneously.

Quantum computing can be used across multiple sectors, including by businesses for risk analysis, governments for cybersecurity and the pharmaceutical industry.

One start-up based in the United Kingdom that is making strides with this technology is Oxford Quantum Circuits.

We are a pure-play, quantum computers service company, which basically means we build quantum computers and then operate them in the hands of customers so that they can solve some of the world's most challenging problems using quantum to create this quantum-enabled future, Ilana Wisby, co-founder and CEO told Euronews Next.

The company launched this week with Amazon Web Services Amazon Braket so that for the first time quantum computing is now available by public cloud via Amazon Braket in Europe.

Wisby said this was incredibly important because there's a lot of their customers that are already accessing quantum computing, but they haven't had European hours for uptime and they haven't had European data protection.

So these are things that we can now provide, she said, adding that they have now been able to have private customers work with them directly, which opens a much larger market for them.

The Greek start-up MAGOS is developing a hardware and software solution to revolutionise the interaction of users within the digital environment. It has produced an exoskeleton glove that allows you to touch and feel in the virtual world.

The wearable glove-type product is connected with a PC and digitises the motions in your hand with very high accuracy of how the fingers move.

The company uses unique sensors which are connected to every joint and capture every movement and feeling. This technology could be used by clinicians in training to perform procedures remotely and give data to health care providers from a distance, which may revolutionise hand rehabilitation.

We see that the computing devices of the future will be the headsets the TED model displays for augmented reality and or any product that the current hardware will evolve to, Magos CEO and founder Greg Agripolous told Euronews Next.

Though the technology is revolutionary, it is hard to compete as a European start-up, he said.

We have some competitors from the US. The market there is much more mature and corporate and there is more investment in technologies.

And the funds are available in the US way more than in Europe, so we are struggling a lot.

However, Agripolous noted that despite those difficulties the start-up has managed to attract EU innovation funds and is attracting customers from the US.

Can Europe compete?

Europe is trying to bolster its tech ecosystem to rival those of the United States and China with a new initiative.

The European Start-up Nation Alliance (ESNA) was first announced during the Portuguese Presidency of the Council of Europe in November last year.

ESNA is in charge of a new standard for start-ups across the bloc and will compile best practices as well as provide technical support and monitor start-up progress.

It also has the ambitious aim to double the blocs number of unicorns by 2030.

Member states have pledged commitments to ESNA, including France, which has committed to facilitating the creation of 10 to 20 late-stage investment funds with at least 1 billion under management and a boost in deep-tech financing.

At the Mobile World Congress, the digital and economic ministers of Spain, Portugal and Austria met to discuss how ESNA may shake up the blocs start-ups.

Too much fragmentation is another issue the alliance wants to solve.

There are 27 different member states and legal frameworks (...), which is different from the USs single market, said Andr de Arago Azevedo, Portugals Secretary of State for Digital Transition.

Pere Duran, the director of the start-up platform 4YFN (four years from now) said data protection was another issue for the bloc.

I believe that there are several challenges, and one of them is to be able to compete with ecosystems such as China and the US, who probably do not have as many regulations as we do here on the tax areas and data protection," he told Euronews Next.

But Duran said the start-up scene in Europe is "really thriving" and investment in the bloc's start-ups is reaching record levels.

More than 100 billion was invested in European tech last year so it's a very good moment to be a digital entrepreneur in Europe, he told Euronews Next.

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Deep tech: Three mind-blowing start-ups to watch as Europe aims to double its unicorns - Euronews